Explanation: See also Provider and Graph Creation Layer
Scope: Data Description Registry Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: In the context of data access refers to a user's ability to access or retrieve data digital objects and digital resources. The idea of access means that data content is available for use. Users who have data access can store, retrieve, move or manipulate data. Data can be stored on a wide range of devices \& technologies such as a database or repository. Related terms Access Control \& Access Control List.
References: After http://www.techopedia.com/definition/26929/data-access
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Access control policy provide details on the nature of controls placed on access via identification such as passwords.See Access control list.
Examples: Having locked access to where the system is stored is a physical control, having access to files or software code is a digital access control.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: The granularity of access policies is typically coarse-grained making them suitable for matching up to a broad range ofservices.
Examples: An policy rule example one which says which User Domains may access a particular service Endpoint and thus gain use of that service.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Examples: Examples include the means of finding, using, adding, changing or retrieving data and information.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
References: After OAIS
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A repository manages organization of digital objects into collections and provides a context for understanding the relevance of the digital objects. The organization of the digital objects is based on a Logical Name that is independent of the physical path name on the storage system. Accessing repository is equivalent to exploring the Logical Name space to find a file.
Examples: The repository provides a persistent location for issuing queries, a query mechanism for searching the contents, and returns a logical name or persistent identifier for referencing a digital object.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: An Access Control List is the usual means by to control access to, and denial of, services. It is simply alist of the services available, each with a list of the hosts permitted to use the service. The value of the access control denotes the allowed operations that may be performed by the user. For each access, the user credential is authenticated, the access control list is checked for the digital object, and then the operation access control value is compared with the requested operation. If the permission allows the requested operation, the access is permitted.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardshiphttp://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: http://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/a/active-records
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Examples: Here several possibilities can be imagined such as generating data tables from a relational database with the help of SQL scripts. Nevertheless we want to ensure that exactly the same a???bit streama??? can be generated after some years. So active data denotes a a???data objecta??? which is generated dynamically but that can be referred to and thus be cited.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
References: after http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol4/p586-idreos.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Retention periods may be used to define when a property of a digital object should be reviewed. Properties could include physical retention of the digital object, updates to an access approval flag, updates to the file format, updates to the type of checksum, etc. An assumption is that the retention period will have an associated disposition policy for deciding what to do when the retention period expires. The disposition policy specifies the property that will be reviewed and updated.
Examples: A retention period is set on a digital object, with an associated disposition policy for migration of the digital object to an archive. The data management system periodically check whether the retention period has expired, and then applies the disposition policy.
References: PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: The information can be stored as metadata information associated with each data object. The information can be generated dynamically by applying the access controls of the collection that organizes the data objects (if a collection sticky bit is turned on). Related term - sticky bit
Examples: A data management system provides a method for adding, updating, or removing access controls. The access controls may be set interactively, inherited from the collection into which the digital object is deposited, or applied retroactively in bulk. A significant example is the automated generation of access controls on a replica of a file when the replica is created.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Changes in administrative metadata do not change the meaning of the metadata content describing data.There are several subsets of administrative data. Representation described in a Representation Object is one. Two others that are sometimes listed as separate metadata types are: Rights management metadata, which deals with intellectual property rights, and a??? Preservation metadata, which contains information needed to archive and preserve a resource. (See also retention period)
Examples: Examples include- Acquisition information - Rights and reproduction tracking (e.g. a users URN) - Documentation of legal access requirements - Location information - Selection criteria for digitization - Version control and differentiation between similar information objects - Audit trails created by record keeping systems
References: NISO. (2004) Understanding Metadata.Bethesda, MD: NISO Press, p.1
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Types of aggregations differ by the nature of the processes by which elements are brought together and the reason understood for aggregating or contained as a unit.Aggregations differ in the nature of relations between the member parts. For the semantic web Resources may be aggregated.
Examples: A baseball card collection is one type of aggregation where each card may be consider a member of the aggregated collection.A digital file is an an aggregation of data elements.
References: OAI-ORE http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/datamodel\#Aggregation
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: There is often an extensive, systematic use of mathematics and statistics underlying the analytic methods used.
References: NIST Big Data Definitions and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotation
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Elaboration1: Due to the required flexibility within DFIG it is necessary to stress that the architecture needs to be flexible enough and thus is more of an open framework (see below) and that it cannot be interpreted as being a fixed set of components and services equal to everyone.Elaboration2: The term a???architecturea??? may not be used in normative or prescriptive ways in the realm of the DF discussions.
References: Systems Engineering
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Archival Descriptions are particularly important for Collections
References: After RDA 2015 BoF on Convergences in Archives, Records Management, and Research Data Curationhttps://rd-alliance.org/convergences-archives-records-management-and-research-data-curation-p6-bof-session.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: In the RDA context the focus is a digital sub-type of archive/data archive and its management processes such as data security.It is desirable that a digital archive follow open standards. See archiving. See also Digital Archive, data arrangement since arrangements of data play a special role in archives.
Examples: Digital repositories are one type of archive with repository services.
References: After http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: Ohsawa, Yukio, and Akinori Abe. Advances in Chance Discovery. Springer, 2014.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: After http://www.irmt.org/documents/educUNDERSCORESIGNtraining/termPERCENTSIGN20modules/IRMTPERCENTSIGN20TERMPERCENTSIGN20GlossaryPERCENTSIGN20ofPERCENTSIGN20Terms.pdf
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Attribute is used here as short for "Data Attribute". In a DB an attribute is also known as a field or column. A data attribute may also be used as a term for a logical or conceptual attribute such as in an EAR data model.Attribute is a characteristic of data that sets it apart from other data, such as location, length or type. The term attribute is sometimes used synonymously with a???data elementa??? or a???property.a???
References: reference: http://www.krollontrack.com/resource-library/glossary/legal/\#
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: The Authentication function to verify the identity of the user accessing the system, meaning the user is the same as claimed with associated rights as a user.Authentications take place by means of credentials (user name, password, fingerprints, etc.) and an authoritative source for user names. Authentication takes place by mean of an authentication system.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Authenticity is provided by appropriate metadata, within an archive \& digital retention and preservation context, results from verifying that a digital object \& its state information, has not changed. See Authenticity.
References: Source is RDA Practical Policy WG
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Authorization is normally preceded by authentication for user identity verification. System administrators (SA) are typically assigned permission levels covering all system and user resources.
Examples: For example, ASP.NET works with Internet Information Server (IIS) and Microsoft Windows to provide authentication and authorization services for Web-based .NET applications. Windows uses New Technology File System (NTFS) to maintain Access Control Lists (ACL) for all resources. The ACL serves as the ultimate authority on resource access.
References: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10237/authorization
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Authorization is used in combination with authentication to secure access to data and services.
References: http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SMA/fisma/CnA.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
References: After NIST Big Data Definitions. http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/UNDERSCORESIGNuploadfiles/M0392UNDERSCORESIGNv1UNDERSCORESIGN3022325181.pdf
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Examples: 1001
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: It may be stored as a unit or may exist as a pattern and be generated. A digital object may be represented as a bit stream of finite length that encodes its informational content. (see information content. See http://smw-rda.esc.rzg.mpg.de/index.php/File:BitUNDERSCORESIGNstream.png for an example.
Examples: Bits in a communication transmission are often used as an example.
References: Figure from From INLS 525: Managing Electronic Recordshttp://ils.unc.edu/courses/2013UNDERSCORESIGNspring/inls525UNDERSCORESIGN001/slides/wk04-slides.html\#slide7
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: A blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. By design, blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks and the collusion of the network. Functionally, a blockchain can serve as "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way.As a new technical approach there may be issues about how to handle blockchain metadata and IDs.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Elaboration1: This term is a very good approach to what some stated: different groups will want to do various selections of components/services to create a functioning system. The question is then whether there are essential components without which the system will not function.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Mostly canonical collections are formed to allow effective data management.
Examples: Data files that belong to a certain experiment, all files that are created by one specific simulation, all files that belong to a specific observation (same day, same place, etc.) etc.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: MIG briefing at RDA P6.
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Data catalogs are special types of catalogs. As defined in DCAT "data catalog is a curated collection of metadata about datasets."Also noted, typically, a web-based data catalog is represented as a single instance of this class.
References: https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/\#class-catalog
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
References: Source:http://www.alliancepermanentaccess.org/index.php/knowledge-base/dpglossary/\#B DPGloassary Working Group
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: May use ISOcat (ISO standard 12620) data categories.
Examples: Component MetaData Infrastructure (CMDI) andISO TC37 Data Category Registry (DCR)
References: ISOcat, a Data Category Registryhttp://media.dwds.de/clarin/userguide/text/conceptsUNDERSCORESIGNISOcat.xhtml
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A certificate is produced as a result of a certification process.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: This is associated with PIDs but can be found and tested independently of PID systems.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
References: After https://wiki.duraspace.org/display/DPNC/Glossary
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Aggregated data is citable (has a citation). Related term: citation, raw data, data registration, research object.
References: Peter wittenburg's collection scenario for RDA P3.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Citations acknowledge a source for matreial and may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article or a link to a particular set of data), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).See also Citable reference.
References: CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontologyhttp://www.essepuntato.it/lode/http://purl.org/spar/cito
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: In discussion
References: Borgman, C. (2012) Why are the attribution and citation of scientific data important? In P. F. Uhlir, (Ed.), For attribution: Developing scientific data attribution and citation practices and standards: Summary of an international workshop (pp. 1-10). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Retrieved July 30, 2013 from the WWW: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?recordUNDERSCORESIGNid=13564
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: It has been pointed out that the word a???referencea??? is ambiguous. It can alternatively mean either what is found in the text, what is found in the reference list, as a verb the act of citation, or the object of the citation itself.Related term is "Citation."
References: https://library.missouri.edu/guides/citedrefsearch/
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A collection's metadata should provide one or more reasons why this particular group of elements belongs together as part of a collection process.Collections are often associated with archives and repositories and their services.
Examples: A collection of books in a library. In this case the library serves as a repository for selected books and other media.Collections usually serve multiple functions, such as selection and collocation of related materials, narrowing of search scope, and clarification of information needs.
References: H. L. Lee, H. L. a???The concept of collection from the usera???s perspective.a??? Library Quarterly, 75 (1), 67-85. 2005.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: "Representing Cultural Collections in Digital Aggregation and Exchange Environments"http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may14/wickett/05wickett.html Europeana Data Model (EDM)
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: By definition a collection can contain other "sub-"collections. A collection and its sub-collections define a graph and this way a finite collection becomes a finite graph. Suggestion: only finite collections should be under investigation of the Research Data Collections WG. Otherwise one has to guarantee self-consistency of the definition, and also the proof of finitness for processes becomes in general much harder.
Examples: 1) Given a digital object together with its earlier versions: a) the collection PID points to a set/list of all the PIDs/Ids pointing to an earlier version. In a set the previous relation would be lost, in a list it can be contained in the order of the PIDs/Ids. b) the collection PID points to a set/list of one PID/Id pointing to the digital object and one PID/Id representing the previous version, which again points to a set/list of one PID/Id pointing to the digital object and one PID/Id representing the now previous version, and so on. 2) Try to interpret the OAI-ORE example (URI http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0601007) of the Primer User' Guide in the context of this definition.
References: OAI-ORE example: http://www.openarchives.org/ore/1.0/primer
Scope: BOF PID Collections
Status: In discussion
Explanation: See also Collection
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The intent is to avoid data duplications, to make data available to researchers on a timely and organized basis, and to retain digital objects in an authentic form. Management activities include various metadata-related things for the collection: Representation \& administrative metadata PID for digital collection objects Naming \& descriptive metadata including composition \& arrangement Provenance metadata including data source for collection and provenance metadata including data source for collection Also managing access controls for the collection
References: http://www.tameyourassets.com/what-is-a-collections-management-system/\#sthash.oTaCjFlf.dpuf
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: The organization doing the collection management is stated in the metadata along with the provenance of Collection management events such as source of data acquisition, conservation, movement. See Collection Management.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: These registries are mainly intended for human consumption. They provide information about typical data collections that can be readily accessed.It was agreed as part of RDA DF discussion that such a registry would be a useful appetizer at the front page of the RDA web-site.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: White Paper: Mechanisms to Share Data as Part of the GEOSS Data-CORE, Group on Earth Observations. Available at: https://www.earthobservations.org/documents/dswg/AnnexPERCENTSIGN20VIPERCENTSIGN20-PERCENTSIGN20PERCENTSIGN20MechanismsPERCENTSIGN20toPERCENTSIGN20sharePERCENTSIGN20dataPERCENTSIGN20asPERCENTSIGN20partPERCENTSIGN20ofPERCENTSIGN20GEOSSPERCENTSIGN20DataUNDERSCORESIGNCORE.pdf. (DSWG 2014a)
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
References: Reagan Moore presentation at RDA P6 DFT IG session as well as the Data Fabric session.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: Bits in a communication transmission are an example of one type of communication.
References: Cognitive Atlas Concept, CAOUNDERSCORESIGN00210
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Elaboration 1: in DFIG components are characterized by the functional services they offer and the internal structures that are required to offer these services.
References: Systems Engineering
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A concept is uniquely identifiable.
Examples: Anything you can write a Wikipedia article about is a concept.
References: http://conceptwiki.org/index.php/Concept
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: In OAIS this neither a digital or physical object. When a description is provided it is called a "tagged non-digital object."
Examples: An example is the Cassini mission and NASAa???s strategic plan for solar system exploration.
References: GLOSSARY OF PDS4 TERMS Version of 2011-10-28 (v111028) https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/doc/glossary/PDS4UNDERSCORESIGNGlossaryUNDERSCORESIGNv111028.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: A data repository can hold data objects and collections. In this case the data repository may be considered a type of data container. Containers come in all sizes. A library may hold books and manuscripts.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: page image files
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Some such metadata may be extracted from associated documents or mined from headers within the data.As noted by the RDA MIG there is a "need for documentation of the evolution of the data asset behind each element through re-usable contextual a???profilesa??? applicable upon various datasets..." See also Descriptive Metadata and Detailed Metadata.
Examples: An example of context is the medical imaging format DICOM which provides a context to understand an image, how it was generated etc.Context may be things such as rights and license terms, the organization that generated the data, data quality, data access methods the update schedule of datasets and the intention of the research that produced the data. As noted one example is provenance information which identifies the source of data.
References: Outcomes Policy Templates:Practical Policy Working Group, September 2014 https://rd-alliance.org/groups/data-context-ig.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: The creation of provenance and descriptive metadata defines a context for interpreting the relevance of files in a collection.Depending upon the data source, there are multiple ways to provide metadata a???some can be automated.
Examples: An example of extract metadata from an associated document is case of taking metadata from the DICOM medical imaging format.
References: Practical Policy RDA report
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Controlled vocabularies are accepted \& maintained by a community with some degree of asigned, rigorous \& understood definitions which may evolve and expand (or shrink \& consolidate) over time as part of a management \& review process. Terms that are part of Controlled vocabularies are often intended to provide systematic values for populating structured metadata elements.
Examples: Taxonomies are one type of controlled vocabulary. SNOMED is an example a controlled vocabulary for computer-based patient records.
References: After Currier Sarah, Lorna M. Campbell, Helen Beetham (2005). Pedagogical Vocabularies Review, JISC Pedagogical Vocabularies Project, Final Draft, 23rd December 2005 Pedagogical vocabularies project \& https://marinemetadata.org/guides/vocabs/vocdef
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Copyright refers not to the content of a work, but to the form of presentation (the a???expressiona???) of this content. CopyrightA? applies to individual works, but not to facts, ideas, or concepts. It is implemented through individual national legislation that is consistent with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works treaty. There are two types of rights under copyright: economic rights, which allow the rights owner to derive financial reward from the use of his works by others; and moral rights, which protect the non-economic interests of the author.
References: Its most important legal basis at the international level is the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/) http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
Explanation: See also Copyright
References: (See, e.g., the copyright infringement section of the 1976 U.S. Copyright Act at: http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap5.html, and the a???What to Do If You're Accused of Copyright Infringementa??? section of the UNa???s World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) web site at: http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/copyrightUNDERSCORESIGNinfringementUNDERSCORESIGNfulltext.html.)
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
References: Research Data Alliance Europe Report - Community Data Analysis: Huma-Num Section.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Related terms include data type, repository, provenance and descriptive metadata.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: One common method of crowdsourced curation mechanisms for documents is the use of the Internet to rank each document according to the number of upvotes (approvals) and downvotes (disapporovals) that each document has received.
References: A Theoretical Analysis of Crowdsourced Content Curationhttp://yiling.seas.harvard.edu/sc2013/Askalidis.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: Curation may involve the assignment of administrative, descriptive, structural and technical archival metadata. - RDA focus is on curation of digital research objects. See Digital Curation Lifecycle.
References: See: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/digital-curation/what-digital-curation\#sthash.SZcvpDHA.dpuf
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: See Administration Metadata
Examples: Examples include version, release date.
References: Resource Metadata for the Virtual Observatory Version 1.12http://www.ivoa.net/documents/REC/ResMetadata/RM-20070302.html
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Includes the knowledge infrastructure as well as the hardware and software and communications components.
References: Geoffrey C. Bowker, University of California Irvine, "Effective Communication andScientific Cyberinfrastructure" http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/events/conferences/inspireUNDERSCORESIGN2013/pdfs/socioeconomic/GeoffreyUNDERSCORESIGNC.UNDERSCORESIGNBowker.pdf
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data is the medium used to communicate and store information. It gives a concrete and persistent status to some information, but itis by itself (as a string of bits, for example) without context such the assumed formatting/representation information or reference systems without a single meaning. Thus, to extract the information intended in collections of data, an interpretation is necessary that assigns meaning to it using elements of this context such as assumed representation.
Examples: Data like a datum has a quantitative or qualitative value. Common types of data include content for sea surface temperature measurements, readings from monitoring equipment, user actions on a website, science funding projections, and demographic information. (after http://data-informed.com/glossary-of-big-data-terms/)The capital letter A is ASCII character 65, ut the bits to express this may be a pixel of some sound if the context is different. Likewise, the same information (content) may be expressed by very different looking data since it may be encoded in many different ways. A simple example is that the temperature of some object or region may be codes by degrees C or F (different reference systems). In this sense data may be considered analogous to syntax which helps communicate the semantics which is information.
References: After Quentin L. Burrell, Isle of Man International Business School.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Note this is a general view and means that non-digital things are included such as analog data.
References: Formulated based on: Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data Data are individual pieces of information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualized using graphs or images. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data Data is a collection of datum. http://smw-rda.esc.rzg.mpg.de/index.php/Data (datum: a role played by a unitary proposition, which provides the content of the datum. http://smw-rda.esc.rzg.mpg.de/index.php/Datum) See discussion under http://smw-rda.esc.rzg.mpg.de/index.php/Data. Data is a potential information bearer to a cognitive agent. http://smw-rda.esc.rzg.mpg.de/index.php/Data [Data is] factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data (meaning 1) [Data are] facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: What constitutes data is determined by the activities and objectives of the users.
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: In addition to digital manifestations of literature (including text, sound, still images, moving images, models, games, and simulations), digital data refers as well to forms of data and databases that generally require the assistance of computational machinery and software in order to be useful, such as various types of laboratory dataincluding spectrographic, genomic sequencing, and electron microscopy data; observational data, such as remote sensing, geospatial, and socio-economic data; and other forms of data either generated or compiled by humans or machines
References: (Uhlir \& Cohen, 2011,3 as reported in Borgman, 2012, p. 1061).
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Data Access steps implemented within the data management system include: Authentication of the user; Verification of access permission through checking access controls; Identification of the physical location of the data; Selection of the transmission protocol; Retrieval of a copy of the data. Within the data management infrastructure, data access may also entail generation of an event that records the access; Archiving of the event; Indexing of the event: Generation of usage summary reports.
Examples: From a web browser, access a repository and identify a relevant file. Invoke retrieval of the file using the Logical Name implemented by the repository for arranging distributed data into a logical collection.
References: RDA Practical Policy
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: "Analytic processes are often characterized as:1. discovery for the initial hypothesis formulation, 2. development for establishing the analytics process for a specific hypothesis, and 3. applied for the encapsulation of the analysis into an operational system. " (after NIST reference) Note Traditional statistical analytic techniques/processes may downsize, sample, skim or summarize the data before analysis.
Examples: Application example:
References: NIST Big Data definitions: http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/UNDERSCORESIGNuploadfiles/M0392UNDERSCORESIGNv1UNDERSCORESIGN3022325181.pdf
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Analysis may be of raw, refined, or combined dataset products. Analysis is usually distinguished from data mining. Analysis can be characterized by the procedure that will be applied. Data Mining is the active process of applying the analysis procedure.
Examples: A procedure can be defined that identifies whether a feature is present within a data set. Data Analytics can refer to the algorithm used by the procedure, or the relationship between different algorithms.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap10.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNarchitect
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data archiving in the RDA context focuses on digital archives and their processes although archiving of material is an important type and has some different processes. Long-term preservation of digital objects, for example, involves different process than preserving paper manuscripts in an archive.
Examples: Curation is a one data archiving process.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: There are at least two types of arrangement to note: One derives temporally from the original arrangement (in archival terms a???respect du fondsa???) of the data and could be described by provenance metadata. For a record series, this corresponds to the data's position in the original series. The intent is to be able to track the order in which records are deposited into an archive over time. A second kind is less of temporal arrangement and is an organization as in a digital library analogous to how a library organizes books on a shelf - by subject and author. In a digital library, files are organized by subject, title or author properties etc. . Each collection represents some unifying property associated with all of the collection files. The unifying property is quite arbitrary. Related terms: collection, property Note that an arrangement can be the result of a query on descriptive metadata. The result of the query can be listed along with other query results, creating a virtual collection that can be browsed.
Examples: In the SCEC project, files were organized by the simulation (computational analysis that was executed). For each simulation, there were input files, output files, visualizations, movies, a???
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: A key service is to support various Levels of Conceptual Interoperability. Brokers and its associated brokering approach supports system "Autonomy" \& "flexibility" i.e. leaving existing disciplinary/project infrastructures as autonomous and yet flexible a fashion as possible.
Examples: Services such as discovery and access, workflow assistance, translation and reformatting as well as semantic mediation and vocabulary services.
References: https://rd-alliance.org/system/files/filedepot/97/06506981PERCENTSIGN20.pdf
Scope: Brokering Governance
Status: New
Explanation: Data catalogs are special types of catalogs.Also noted, typically, a web-based data catalog is represented as a single instance of this class.
References: http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/\#class-catalog
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data Citation uses "data citation metadata" (which see).
References: Australian National Data Service [ANDS], [2011], Van Leunen, [1992] Other sources: quoted from http://www.force11.org/node/4770, cited there as 'adapted from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/12/0/12UNDERSCORESIGNOSOM13-043/UNDERSCORESIGNpdf
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data citation follows good open science practice and allows other researches to more readily locate and access a fellow researcher's dataset for the purposes of replicating, verifying or building on their results.
Examples: Main components of citing a dataset are the author(s), year, title, archive/distributer, access date, version number, and a persistent identifier or locator. Metadata that maps to DataCite schema or Dublin Core Terms etc.
References: USGS Data Management, http://www.usgs.gov/datamanagement/describe/citation.phpFAIR principles
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: Corrupt or inaccurate records may exist in a record set, table, or database. See data quality.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: A collection is a form of aggregation of elements that has an identity of its own separate from the identity of the elements.There are many types of collection based on/attributed to an agent activity-driven purposes for the collection and the nature of the data components. Published data may be considered a collection in which case the digital object (publication) is then static, invariant, and a persistent identifier has meaning. But in a research collaboration, the entities change over time and are tracked by versions. A soft link can reference an entity that changes over time. A query issued to a database can be invariant, but the result set may change each time. A sensor data stream always has new data from the most recent observation. The stream itself may be identified, but the contents are not static. If we change the input parameters for a workflow, the result will change when the workflow is executed. Thus a workflow structured object has to associate the workflow with the input and the output. Researchers who collect data of some particular type often create their own software frameworks to make the data accessible. See Data Access.
Examples: Examples of collection types include: sub-collections files soft links to other collections (micro-service structured objects) soft links to objects in external repositories (micro-service structured objects) database queries (micro-service invocation) workflows (workflow structured objects) sensor data streams (micro-service structured objects)
References: Reagan Moore provided examples of data collections as well as the explanation of published data as a static object as opposed to dynamic data which requires a different view of links to it.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
References: Strong, Diane M., Yang W. Lee, and Richard Y. Wang. "Data quality in context." Communications of the ACM 40.5 (1997): 103-110.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: Typical containers are file systems, database management systems, content management systems, clouds etc. The software stack implies some form of encapsulation of the digital object.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: The goal of curation is to manage and promote the use of data from its point of creation, to ensure it is fit for contemporary purpose, and available for discovery and re-use.For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep it fit for purpose. Special forms of curation may be available in data repositories. The data curation process itself should be documented as part of curation, thus curation and provenance are highly related.
Examples: Versioning data or forming a new collection from several data sources.Annotating with metadata. Adding codes to raw data, for example classifying a galaxy image with a galaxy type such as "spiral." Higher levels of Curation will also involve maintaining links with annotation and with other published materials. Thus a data set may include a citation link to publication whose analysis was based on the data.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: In archives like ICPSR data collections are deposited by a data archivist who reviews the data and documentation, builds a study description, enhances the documentation, approves the data collection for distribution and archives the data for long-term preservation. To some archive deposition is process which starts a preservation process by removing selected records from operational databases that are not expected to be referenced again and storing them in an archive data store where they can be retrieved if needed. related terms: archive, Data Repository management, add a retention period, data management.
References: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/deposit/See also http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/briefing-papers/introduction-curation/database-archiving\#sthash.KjjhMMwQ.dpuf
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Data Elements are often described by metadata of Attribute/Field Name, Description, Data Type, and Constraints
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data discovery used Discovery Metadata.
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Infrastructural technologies are the core of a data processing ecosystem as a dynamic system.An ecosystem view allows a better view of the coplexities involved in data processing in the Big Data era. It highlights such ecological ideas as the circular flow of resources, system openness to the environment, sustainability and adaptation of components over time as well as component dependency in context. In contrast to biological ecosystem, data processing ecosystem's unit include technical components and digital information.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The general idea of an Element is of a single 'stand-alone' (physical) object or conceptual item. Elements are often expressed as constituents and play roles in Configurations.From a metadata perspective, the term data element is an atomic unit of data that has precise meaning or precise semantics. In traditional data practice a data element has: An identification such as a data element name A clear data element definition One or more representation terms Optional enumerated values Code (metadata) A list of synonyms to data elements in other metadata registries Synonym ring
Examples: Exmple The data element a???age of a persona??? with values consisting of all combinations of 3 decimal digits. EXAMPLE 2 A personnel record that includes the data elements "name" and "address". In the context of the personnel record, "name" and "address" function as an indivisible unit, e.g., the data element "name" and the data element "address" each can be stored and retrieved as an indivisible unit. However, in a different context, "address" itself may be considered a record that contains its own data elements "street address", "city", "postal code", "country". In a database an example of a data element is a data field. One also says that a data element is an attribute of a data entity.
References: ISO 11179-1Bateman, Henschel, and Rinaldi 1995, p. 13.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Useful data formats are well specified and constrained by a formal data type and/or set of applicable standards.
References: http://guide.dhcuration.org/contents/data-representation/
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: Types might be: a??? Archival Resource Key (ARK) a??? Digital Object Identii???ers (DOI) a??? Extensible Resource Identii???er (XRI) a??? HANDLE a??? Life Science ID (LSID) a??? Object Identii???ers (OID) a??? Persistent Uniform Resource Locators (PURL) a??? URI/URN/URL a??? UUID
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Since data is understood in terms of data schemas unified views of data may be provided by means of a global schema using a reconciled view of all data.One result of data integration is the ability of a user to meaningfully queried the data.
References: Lenzerini, Maurizio. "Data integration: A theoretical perspective." Proceedings of the twenty-first ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems. ACM, 2002.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: While many repositories, such as hierarchical data warehouse stores data in files or folders, a data lake uses a flat architecture to store data.Each data element in a lake is assigned a unique identifier and tagged with a set of extended metadata tags. A data lake can be queried for relevant data, using the ID.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data Librarians often carry out curation and metadata related work. There is much overlap with activities of datamanagers and data stewards.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: A Data LifeCycle defines all stages in the existence of digital data from creation to destruction as wells as chained operations Workflows within the Lifecycle.
References: Source: Pennock, M: "Digital Curation: A Life-Cycle Approach to Managing and Digital Curation: A Life-Cycle Approach to Managing and Preserving
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: This infrastructure is used to provide data management and enforce data management policies.
Examples: Registries, catalogs and repositories for storage for data and metadata is one example of a data infrastructure resource component.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data managers/stewards broad skills include processes, policies, guidelines and responsibilities for administering research data over its lifecycle in compliance with policy and/or technical \& regulatory obligations. A data steward may share some responsibilities with a data custodian which are usually more focused as is a data administrator which may have more technical roles in installation, configuration, upgrades, , monitoring, maintenance, and security.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNsteward
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Examples: A logical, relational data model showing an organize dataset as a collection of tables with entity, attributes and relations.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A data object may include the named bits of a digital object, but also has representation object allowing processing of its information content. Information that maps a Data Object into more meaningful concepts" (OAIS) a??? makes humanly-perceptible properties happen. The representation information itself is an information object that can be in digital form and needs itself representation information to be understood.
Examples: Examples: file format, encoding scheme, data format, encoding scheme, data type.
References: OAIS documentation - Holdsworth, David, and Derek M. Sergeant. "A Blueprint for Representation Information in the OAIS model." IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems. 2000.Also input from Reagan Moore that data objects are bits and bytes that have been named.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: Arrangement of names assigned to digital entities.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A set of high-level principles that establish a guiding framework for data management. A data policy can be used to address strategic aspects such as data access, relevant legal matters, data stewardship issues and custodial duties, data acquisition and other issues. Each data policy defines an assertion that the data managers enforce for the digital objects within a repository.
Examples: Policy to ensure all files are replicatedPolicy to ensure all files have a checksum Policy to define the descriptive metadata that will be associated with each file Policy to specify the set of permissible access controls
References: Mapping the Data Landscape 2011 Summit Rajasekar, R., M. Wan, R. Moore, W. Schroeder, S.-Y. Chen, L. Gilbert, C.-Y. Hou, C. Lee, R. Marciano, P. Tooby, A. de Torcy, B. Zhu, a???iRODS Primer: Integrated Rule-Oriented Data Systema???, Morgan \& Claypool, 2010.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Explanation: Preservation safeguards information assets for subsequent analysis \& discovery, litigation evidence, security, and regulatory compliancePreservation services protect data, provide availability, integrity and authenticity controls, and may include security and confidentiality safeguards, such as via an audit trail and audit log, \& metadata management (related term, see also archive). Part of preservation is the determination of a retention period.
References: Anderson, William L. "Some challenges and issues in managing, and preserving access to, long-lived collections of digital scientific and technical data." Data Science Journal 3 (2004): 191-201.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: this term relates to a generic concept referring to all kinds of procedures being executed on data which can range from management to curation and analytics tasks.A synonym is "Data Handling"
References: OAIS
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Producers often also have the task of maintaining data.
References: After Strong, Diane M., Yang W. Lee, and Richard Y. Wang. "Data quality in context." Communications of the ACM 40.5 (1997): 103-110.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Synonym is "Data Practitioner(s) "
References: From "Data Management Trends, Principles and Components a??? What Needs to be Done Next?"
Explanation: "A provider or disseminator of research data in many cases may not be the same entity as the holder of rights in those data. The rights holder of a dataset also is not necessarily synonymous with its original producer."
References: Implementation Guidelines for the Principles on the Legal Interoperability of Research Data (Summer, 2016)
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: See also Graph Creation and API Consumer Layer
References: https://rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/attachment/RDAUNDERSCORESIGNOutputsUNDERSCORESIGNMay2015UNDERSCORESIGNweb.pdf
Scope: Data Description Registry Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: For a domain repository, data publication is a time consuming and laborious process which is generally quite rigorous, may take a considerable period of time, and may even involve assessment by an external panel of scientists. What organizations such as figshare and Dryad do, does not count as data publication.
Examples: A typical data publication process:- Repository is requested to ingest some data - An assessment process is used to determine whether accession is appropriate. -- May be many criteria - If appropriate, repository follows internal processes to: -- Negotiate an acquisition agreement with the provider -- Reformat, document, review, etc., the data (may involve external science review) -- Create additional data products, etc. needed (as determined by an assessment of potential user communities and their needs) -- Generates outreach collateral for designated user communities - Repository a???pushes the publish buttona??? -- This can all take months (years) See http://nsidc.org/daac/daac-data-accpetance-plan.pdf for a somewhat out-of-date example NOTES: Coming up with a definition of data publication for the Earth Science community is the topic of a session at the ESIP winter meeting
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data publishing occurs via dedicated data repositories and/or (data) journals which ensure that the published research objects are well documented, curated, archived for the long term, interoperable, citable, quality assured and discoverable a??? all aspects of data publishing that are important for future reuse of data by third party end-users. This definition applies also to the publication of confidential and sensitive data with the appropriate safeguards and accessible metadata.
Examples: Zenodo (general repository): https://zenodo.org/Scientific Data (data journal): http://www.nature.com/sdata/ ICPSR (disciplinary repository): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/landing.jsp Academic Commons, Columbia University (institutional repository): http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: DQ is often expressed along a continuum from low to high based on a number of perceived attributes of data. This includes: Relevance to research issues \& timeliness, Accuracy ( the degree of congruity between data object \& real world phenomena), Precision/accuracy (limit of all practical analytic \& rational interpretations of a data object), Completeness (no gaps in coverage), Consistency(internal and external), and understandability (informativeness including via associated documentation \& capturing provenance of changes).Some data may lack multiple levels of details or conciseness to be as useful as other data. DQ is improved via data cleaning. Data quality is a proposed element of the Metadata profile.
Examples: Medical data may have low quality with incorrect code values or times or have fields not filled in.
References: Wand, Yair, and Richard Y. Wang. "Anchoring data quality dimensions in ontological foundations." Communications of the ACM 39.11 (1996): 86-95.http://ssm-vm030.mit.edu/Documents/Publications/TDQMpub/WandWangCACMNov96.pdf
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Data resources are registered in well-kept repositories with a content, that is never changing and which can be referenced and cited this way. Related terms: repository, persistent identifier (PID), raw data, citable data, state information.
References: EPIC
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: A data registry is used following data acquisition to identify data as a unit for subsequent access and processing.Like the usually more comprehensive services of a metadata repository some may provide information on the definition, origin, source, and location of data. Standards relevant to metadata registries include ISO/IEC 11179, Specification and Standardization of Data Elements, and ANSI X3.285, Metamodel for the Management of Shareable Data. See Data Type Registry
Examples: U.S. Environmental Protection Agencya???s Environmental Data Registry provides information aboutmany of the data elements used in current and legacy EPA databases.
References: http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
Scope: Data Type Registries WG
Status: New
Explanation: A data repository can be a place where multiple databases, sets, collections, series or files are located and can be found accessed for distribution via a network or locally.Data repositories may accept a wide range of data types in a wide variety of formats, and generally do not attempt to integrate or harmonize deposited data. Some are open and place few restrictions (or requirements) on the metadata descriptors of the deposited data while others have a minimal metadata requirement and standard such as the PRoteomics IDEntifications (PRIDE) database.
Examples: Includes open globally-scoped repositories such as Dataverse or FigShare (http://figshare.com), Dryad8, Mendeley Data (https://data.mendeley.com/), Zenodo (http://zenodo.org/), DataHub (http://datahub.io), DANS (http://www.dans.knaw.nl/
References: Crosas, M. "The Dataverse NetworkA??: An Open-Source Application for Sharing, Discovering and Preserving Data". D-Lib Mag 17 (1), p2 (2011).White, H. C., Carrier, S., Thompson, A., Greenberg, J. \& Scherle, R. The Dryad data repository: A Singapore framework metadata architecture in a DSpace environment. Univ. GA??ttingen, p157 (2008).
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Examples: Examples could include required file formats, access control restrictions, integrity, replication, retention, disposition, etc.
References: From the RDA PP WG.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: A data context defines the source of the data and the steps that were applied to create the data (provenance), information about the use of the data (description), information about the format of the data and the applications that can parse the format (structural), and information about the management of the data such as storage location, checksum, creation date, size (administrative).
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: It is the basic unit of managed data and may be represented in its entirety as a digital objects; in that case it and has a persistent identifier and metadata.Most commonly a data set corresponds to the contents of a single database table, or a single statistical data matrix, where every column of the table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question.
Examples: Time series are good examples of a data set.The 1790-1960 Decennial Censuses are described as Data Sets by such repositories as the CISER Data Archive: Online Catalog.
References: After http://www.ontotext.com/factforge/dataset-definition
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: An RDF datasets is formally defined in the specification of the SPARQL query language: Dataset is a collection of RDF graphs against which the query is evaluated. SPARQL datasets consists of one default graph and multiple named graphs, i.e. RDF graphs identified by URIs.
References: http://www.ontotext.com/factforge/dataset-definition
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: A data set includes primary (observational) data plus the ancillary data, software, and documentation (metadata) needed to understand and use the observations.Files in a data set share a unique data set name, share a unique data set identifier, and are described by a single DATAUNDERSCORESIGNSET catalog object (or equivalent)
References: Planetary Data System Standards Reference, Ch. 6Data Set / Data Set Collection Contents and Naming https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/documents/sr/Chapter06.pdf see also http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov
Explanation: Unlike RDF graphs, which are purely mathematical constructs, the term Dataset has a social dimension: it is a meaningful collection of triples, that deal with a certain topic, originate from a certain source or process, are hosted on a certain server, or are aggregated by a certain custodian. Also, typically a dataset is accessible on the Web, for example through resolvable HTTP URIs or through a SPARQL endpoint, and it contains sufficiently many triples that there is benefit in providing a concise summary. Since most datasets describe a well-defined set of entities, datasets can also be seen as a set of descriptions of certain entities, which often share a common URI prefix (such as http://dbpedia.org/resource/). In VoID, a dataset is modelled as an instance of the void:Dataset class. Such a void:Dataset instance is a single RDF resource that represents the entire dataset, and thus allows to easily make statements about the entire dataset and all its triples. The relationship between a void:Dataset instance and the concrete triples contained in the dataset is established through access information, such as the address of a SPARQL endpoint where the triples can be accessed.
Examples: DBpedia a void:Dataset . The resource is intended as a proxy for the well-known DBpedia dataset. A good next step would be to make this unambiguously clear by adding general metadata and access metadata to the resource.
References: http://www.w3.org/TR/void/http://vocab.deri.ie/void\#Dataset
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: While data governance generally focuses on high-level policies and procedures, data stewardship focuses on accountability and tactical coordination and implementation. A data steward is responsible for carrying out data usage and security policies as determined through enterprise data governance initiatives, acting as a liaison between the IT department and the business side of an organization.
References: http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/data-stewardship
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: Examples include the process of migrating into a different format, or by creating a subset, by selection or query, to create newly derived results, such as for publication.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Transparent data is often assumed to be accurate, well documented and can be traced to its original source.See also Transparency. Data Transparency is a provision or activity to make data available.
References: RDA Legal Interoperability Guidelines. This concerns the "holder of rights and the status of the rights, if any, in a collection of data to the extent that is feasible, provided with reasonable effort and cost by the person or organization making the data available."
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data types range from complex digital objects to simple categories that occur in digital objects \& are identified, with different instances of datasets.A DTR allows a user or machine to submit an unknown type (e.g. a file or a term) and returns information about an available service this allows the user or machine to continue processing the content such as visualizing an image without asking prior knowledge from the user. This makes cross-disciplinary and cross-border work much more efficient and enables data driven science even to those who are not data experts. See Data Registry
Examples: Examples include complex file types in biology (diagnosis) or registering categoriesthat appear in PID records to describe data properties.
References: From "Data Management Trends, Principles and Components a??? What Needs to beDone Next?"
Scope: Data Type Registries WG
Status: New
Examples: Do 131 is of type Physical Sample.
Scope: Data Type Registries WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Versioning allows users to go back and retrieve specific versions of DOs.Each version of a Do should have metadata and associated IDs to allow easy access.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: When publishers refer to a???data publishinga??? they usually mean a data article rather than the underlying dataset. Data articles focus on making data discoverable, interpretable and reusable rather than testing hypotheses or presenting new interpretations (by contrast with traditional journal articles). Whether linked to a dataset in a separate repository, or submitted in tandem with the data, the aim of the data article is to provide a formal route to data-sharing. The parent journal may choose whether or how standards of curation, formating, availability, persistence or peer review of the dataset are described. By definition, the data article provides a vehicle to describe these qualities, as well as some incentive to do so. The length of such articles can vary from micro papers (focused on one table or plot) to very detailed presentation of complex datasets.
Examples: http://openhealthdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/ohd.ap/http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata20162
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542 Candela, L.; Castelli, D.; Manghi, P.; Tani, A. Data Journals: A Survey. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.23358
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The data journal usually provides templates for data description and offers researchers guidance on where to deposit and how to describe and present their data. Depending on the journal, such templates can be generic or discipline focused. Some journals or their publishers maintain their own repositories. As well as supporting bi-directional linking between a data article and its corresponding dataset(s), and facilitating persistent identification practices, data journals provide workflows for quality assurance (i.e., data peer review), and should also provide editorial guidelines on data quality assessment.
Examples: Scientific Data: http://www.nature.com/sdata/Journal of Open Health Data: http://openhealthdata.metajnl.com/
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542 Candela, L.; Castelli, D.; Manghi, P.; Tani, A. Data Journals: A Survey. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.23358
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data management processes are based development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures in order to effectively manage the information lifecycle needs (for research purposed in the RDA context).
References: After http://dama-dach.org/dama-dmbok-functional-framework/
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Information that maps a Data Object into more meaningful concepts \& makes humanly-perceptible properties happen.Related term from OAIS, representation object.
Examples: file format, encoding scheme, data format, encoding scheme, data type
References: DFT WG file repository: 10 Category DFT working defintions.docx(OAIS)
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Data packets are used in Internet Protocol (IP) transmissions for data that navigates the Web, and in other kinds of networks.
References: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6751/data-packet
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The concept of a data paper has at least two elements that have to be materialized into concrete and identifiable information objects: the dataset (the subject of the data paper) and the data paper itself (the artifact produced to describe the data set). The term data paper is used to refer to the artefact only. This artefact is homologous with articles for traditional journals; it is expected to have an identifier and a content with title, authors, abstract, number of sections, and references.
References: Candela, L.; Castelli, D.; Manghi, P.; Tani, A. (2015) Data Journals: A Survey. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66: 1747a???1762 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.23358
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Practice is distinguished from theories about how data should be managed.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
References: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/data-privacy-information-privacy
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: In contrast to interim or final published products, workflows are the means to curate, document, and review, and thus ensure and enhance the value of the published product. Workflows can involve both humans and machines and often humans are supported by technology as they perform steps in the workflow. Similar workflows may vary in their details, depending on the research discipline, data publishing product and/or the host institution of the workflow (e.g. individual publisher/journal, institutional repository, discipline-specific repository).
Examples: Murphy F, Bloom T, Dallmeier-Tiessen S, Austin CC, Whyte A, Tedds J, Nurnberger A, Raymond L, Stockhause M, Vardigan M (2015). WDS-RDA-F11 Publishing Data Workflows WG Synthesis FINAL CORRECTED. Zenodo.http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.33899
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See also [[DataUNDERSCORESIGNRegistration]] and [[Registry]].
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Multiple variations of review processes exist and are dependant upon factors such as publisher requirements, researcher expectations, or data sensitivity. Some workflows may be similar to traditional journal workflows, in which specific roles and responsibilities are assigned to editors and reviewers to assess and ensure the quality of a data publication. The data review process may therefore encompass a peer review that is conducted by invited domain experts external to the data journal or the repository, a technical data review conducted by repository curation experts to ensure data are suitable for preservation, and/or a content review by repository subject domain experts.
References: Austin, Claire C et al.. (2015). Key components of data publishing: Using current best practices to develop a reference model for data publishing. Zenodo. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34542
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Among the things that data sharing allows is replication and critical testing which has a long history as part of research.
Examples: Investigative use by scholars for research available is an example.Use as part of a collection is an example.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNsharing
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: It can be a file, a particular database on a DBMS, or even a live data feed. The data might be located on the same computer as the program, or on another computer somewhere on a network.
Examples: A data source might be an Oracle DBMS running on an OS/2A?? operating system, accessed by NovellA?? Netware;an IBM DB2 DBMS accessed through a gateway; a collection of digital files in a repository; or a local DB file.
References: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/data-sources
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Structure associated with a digital entity, defines the context and operations that can be applied to a digital entity. These may be at multiple levels of granularity that apply to a particular data type.See Data Type Registry (DTR).
Examples: There are basic types like strings and Booleans but also high level types like document or image. In between are types like jpg which can be used for images or images of documents.Physical Sample is a data type as is Trace Gas.
References: DTR WG slides for P3.
Scope: Data Type Registries WG
Status: New
Explanation: definition requested from data type registry WG.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: A database has also be defined as collection of data organized according to a conceptual structure/model describing the characteristics of these data and the relationships among their corresponding entities, supporting one or more application areas.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Database cracking reorganizes data within the query operators, integrating the re-organization effort (occasionally invoking creation or removal of indexes on tables and views based on use) into query execution.Database cracking shifts the cost of index maintenance from updates to query processing.
References: http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol4/p586-idreos.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Database protection in a legal form of sui generisA? (a???of its own kind,a??? or unique) rights exists mostly in the European Union (with a few similar applications in other countries) (European Parliament, 1996). It applies to databases that show an investment in the verification and presentation of the contents. Database protection refers to the entire or a???substantial parta??? of a database, not to the single datum or a???insubstantiala??? part of a database. It prevents unauthorized persons from extracting and reusing substantial parts of the protected database, or even repeated extractions of insubstantial amounts of data. In most non-E.U. countries, databases are only protected if they (or certain portions or characteristics) qualify as a???worksa??? within the meaning of copyright. For an analysis of the effects of the E.U. Database Protection legislation.
References: see, e.g., NautaDutilh 2001; and on research, Guibault and Weibe, eds. 2013, and Reichman and Uhlir 1999.
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
Explanation: See also data element.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNpoint
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
References: Provided by Peter Wittenburg.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Part of the DCAT vocabulary - "an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web."Datasets are containers or aggregations and the scale of aggregation may vary.
References: See http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/See also https://jcheminf.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13321-016-0168-9 for a large discussion of datasets: Dataset is used as a descriptor here to indicate that it is a generic container for data that can logically be reported as a set. The level and scope of the aggregation for a a???dataseta??? can be at any scale (and is at the discretion of the researcher) and thus it can be used to report a single piece of data or all of the data from a large research study. Within a???dataseta??? data can be organized/reported in multiple ways. Individual pieces of data are added to the a???datapointa??? section and it is implied that there is no relationship between values included. Data that is logically related to other data, either as a time or property series or correlated data such as a spectrum (multiple correlated arrays) are stored in the a???dataseriesa??? section, either directly under a???dataseta??? or as part of a a???datagroupa???.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: This is yet another type of aggregation or collection with the (product) unit being a dataset about some "logical grouping" such as by a topic (specification).
Examples: An example would be a series of earth observations. Each year, month or week (depending on the volume) might be a dataset and the series could run from 1998 to now.
References: according to ISO 19115, ISO 19113 and ISO 19114
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Datum is a quantifiable fact that can be repeatedly measured and is in a form suitable for communication.
Examples: An observation produces a datum whose proposition can be described as a set of values represented in some structure such as a table with headings: Location (20:25)Date-Time (12/11/2013 01:34)Temperature Value (15 C)
References: Conceptual approaches for defining data, information, and knowledge. Chaim Zins ARTICLEa???ina???JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 58(4):479-493 A?? FEBRUARY 2007 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220432993UNDERSCORESIGNConceptualUNDERSCORESIGNapproachesUNDERSCORESIGNforUNDERSCORESIGNdefiningUNDERSCORESIGNdataUNDERSCORESIGNinformationUNDERSCORESIGNandUNDERSCORESIGNknowledge
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Also called "Derived datasets" in
Examples: Examples include simple unit translations (lbs to kgs), averaging and smoothing and quality-based reprocessing but also added data objects to form an aggregation of interest.
References: https://www.dataone.org/best-practices/describe-method-create-derived-data-products
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Technically speaking, a "description objecta??? (in NASA's PDS4) can have a"digital objecta??? form a??? a string of bits. But we assume that there is a form for human reading and, on that basis give it a special name.
References: https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/doc/glossary/PDS4UNDERSCORESIGNGlossaryUNDERSCORESIGNv111028.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See also Descriptive Metadata
Examples: Examples include definitions, explanatory titles, or summaries. Example of descriptions also include things from Dublin Cor(DC) contextual (project, person, organisation, funding, facility, equipment, publicationsa???.) CERIF, ISA; detailed/specific: schema level connecting dataset to software etc.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: This metadata is created by a process, usually from users of describing and naming data/DOs.The template used operationally may specify the structures within the data object that contain descriptive metadata and associated context such as metadata values, schema name that organizes the metadata names, creation date for metadata, person who created the metadata. For reproducible research descriptions of methods \& protocols used may need to be detailed. A second operation needs to associate the descriptive metadata with the data object. This can be in the form of metadata stored in a relational database, or as an Archival Information Package, or in an XML file.
Examples: Examples include elements such as title, abstract, author, type of data, data domain, acquisition method or study methodology and keywords.Example of descriptive also include things from Dublin Cor(DC) contextual (project, person, organisation, funding, facility, equipment, publicationsa???.) CERIF, ISA; detailed/specific: schema level connecting dataset to software etc. File-level metadata may describe tabular data files such as column-level metadata.
References: NISO. (2004) Understanding Metadata.Bethesda, MD: NISO Press, p.1 http://marciazeng.slis.kent.edu/metadatabasics/types.htm Additional explanations from PP WG. Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 5 (3) (2009) 1a???22. J.P. Mesirov, Accessible reproducible research, Science 327 (5964) (2010) 415a???416
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: There are obvious tradeoff between simple metadata that rpovides much of what is needed and more detailed metadata. Dublin Core is on the simple side and may be used for metadata about date, a description, and a format. But the format may just be noted as a Picture without detail as to its media type.More detail may improve searching precision but require higher investment in creation of metadata. Unless there is proper guidance and us some cases standard vocabularies ore detail may make it more difficult to promote consistency in creation of metadata.
Examples: Dublin Core defines a simple item for Subject which be broad and may not include sub-type information that helps users find the data.
References: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/weibel/04weibel.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
References: After Frank Guerino, "What the difference re., Data Dictionary, Ontology,"http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/ontolog-forum/2014-02/msg00173.html
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See also Archive
References: http://dri.ie/sites/default/files/files/funding-models-open-access-repositories.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data collections are a more general form, but we focus on digital aggregations here.Digital collections often are collections of digital sets of data and/or digital objects. Collections are often built from repository data (which have PIDs). When collections are formed, a new collection PID is created for reference and metadata describing its aggregation properties and ID links to sources be provided at a minimum. Collections have (or should have) metadata indicating something about when the data within them was collected.
Examples: A complex Digital Object such as a Digital Research Object may be an example of a digital collection.
References: P3 and use case discussion.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The digital curation lifecycle involves the following steps starting with conceptualization and creation: Conceptualise: conceive and plan the creation of digital objects, including data capture methods and storage options. Create: produce digital objects and assign administrative, descriptive, structural and technical archival metadata. Access and use: ensure that designated users can easily access digital objects on a day-to-day basis. Some digital objects may be publicly available, whilst others may be password protected. Appraise and select: evaluate digital objects and select those requiring long-term curation and preservation. Adhere to documented guidance, policies and legal requirements. Dispose: rid systems of digital objects not selected for long-term curation and preservation. Documented guidance, policies and legal requirements may require the secure destruction of these objects. Ingest: transfer digital objects to an archive, trusted digital repository, data centre or similar, again adhering to documented guidance, policies and legal requirements. Preservation action: undertake actions to ensure the long-term preservation and retention of the authoritative nature of digital objects. Reappraise: return digital objects that fail validation procedures for further appraisal and reselection. Store: keep the data in a secure manner as outlined by relevant standards. Access and reuse: ensure that data are accessible to designated users for first time use and reuse. Some material may be publicly available, whilst other data may be password protected. Transform: enrich current object, say by adding annotations, and/or create new digital objects from the original, for example, by migration into a different form.
References: After DCC See: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/digital-curation/what-digital-curation\#sthash.SZcvpDHA.dpuf
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: In many contexts digital data, digital object, data object and data are used interchangeably implying both the bits and the content.Sometimes called a bit-level object since it is a specific sequence of bits, independent of any semantic meaning. A bit-level view may also be independent of where bits exist in a file, on a channel in transmission or stored in computer memory. See also registered digital data. RDA focuses on the digitized data and operations on it for management and sharing, but non-digital data is also important and it and its understood content may be cited as part of publications and background.
Examples: See bit stream for examples.
References: What is an information object anyway?http://www.netarch2009.net/slides/Netarch09UNDERSCORESIGNBorjeUNDERSCORESIGNOhlman.pdf
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: This definition reflects discussion of previous definitions at a RDA WG meeting in Garching,Germany in Feb. 2014. The idea is to not be too abstract and to focus on the Bits aspect, but Reagan Moore uses the idea that an object has a name and possibly an ID for identity. This idea of identity as a requirement for something to be an entity/object and we have a name for it to talk about it comes from the philosopher Quine. See reference. DO's value is based in part on digital attributes such as editability, interactivity, openness and their ability to be easily copied \& distributed (A Theory of Digital Objects, Jannis Kallinikos et al. 2010)
Examples: 0010101, name = "U" letter0010101, name = "21" Integer A digital object can be a data object, a workflow, or a dataflow.
References: DFT P3 discussionA Theory of Digital Objects, Jannis Kallinikos et al. 2010, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3033/2564 W.V.O.Quine, 1960, Word and object, MIT, Cambridge, Mass
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Presented as part of Garching WG meeting.
References: X.1255 ITU standard "Framework for discovery of identity management information"
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: Deprecated
Explanation: Also known as a DOI, Digital Object Identifiers are issued by the International DOI Foundation. This permanent identifier is associated with a digital object (DO) that permits it to be referenced reliably even if its location and metadata undergo change over time. DOIs provide a standard mechanism for retrieval of metadata about the object, and generally a means to access the data object itself.
References: http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618\#ref2
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Examples: A bibliographic record which might include an Introduction to cataloging and classification / Bohdan S. Wynar. -- 8th ed. / Arlene G. Taylor. -- Englewood, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1992. -- (Library science text series).
References: http://archives.govt.nz/advice/continuum-resource-kit/glossary/definitions-full-list\#Record
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Repository architecture manages content as well as metadata and offers a minimum set of basic services e.g. put, get, search, access control.To be effective a repository must be sustainable and trusted, well-supported and well-managed."
References: Kahn and Wilensky, 1995, http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/k-w.htmlDigital Repositories Review, Heery and Anderson, 2005
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation:
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Discovery metadata was proposed as a basic concept by the RDA MIG.
Examples: Discovery metadata might include the following overall features of a dataset: The title and a description of the dataset. The keywords describing the dataset. The date of publication of the dataset. The entity responsible (publisher) for making the dataset available. The contact point of the dataset. The spatial coverage of the dataset. The temporal period that the dataset covers. The themes/categories covered by a dataset.
References: http://w3c.github.io/dwbp/bp.html\#metadata
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Disposal may be set by policy based on time or information value. Related concept Retention Schedule.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: When possible domain-specific metadata should maps to metadata standards used within a scientific domain.
Examples: AGROVOC thesaurus contains more than 16,000 concepts or General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus (GEMET)
References: B. Lauser, M. Sini, G. Salokhe, J. Keizer, S. Katz, Agrovoc Web Services:Improved, real-time access to an agricultural thesaurus, Quarterly Bulletin of the International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD) 1019-9926 (2) (2006) 79a???81. European Environment Agency, GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus (GEMET). Version 2.0, European Topic Centre on Catalogue of Data Sources (ETC/CDS), http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet (2004).
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Dynamic data can have various flavors. It can be data streams that are generated by sensors when it is unpredictable when data segments will appear in time, i.e. data streams have gaps. It can be data streams that are generated by humans in crowd sourcing scenarios where it is not clear when which cell in a database will be filled.
References: Peter Wittenburg Draft Document on Core Vocabulary
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Originally ecosystem applied to a biological community of interacting organisms (made up of plants, animals, and microorganisms) together with the surrounding physical environment. In that sense an ecosystem is a community or combination of living and non-living things/sub0systems that work together.There is also the idea that an ecosystem functions in some way as a whole with rich interactions and feedbacks from its sub-parts. All the parts of ecosystem work together to make a balanced system. Ecology is a term used to refer to the study of A??ecological systemsA??.
Examples: A pond or a rain forest are each examples of complex ecosystems. An ecosystem can be as large as a desert or a lake or as small as a tree. Other bio-examples of ecosystems include pond, a forest, an estuary, grassland. It includes abiotic components like Sunlight, temperature, Precipitation, Water or moisture, Soil and biotic components like Primary producers, Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Detritivores.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: An entity may change parts over time put keep its identity as it plays various roles. Thus a data set may be updated but still identified as the data set.Most entities considered in research are physical and have material, temporal and spatial components. But things like Information Content are abstract entities without spacial and temporal components.
Examples: A data set is an entity as is a user or a data record or a repository.
References: DOLCE OntologyBorgo, Stefano, and Claudio Masolo. "Foundational choices in DOLCE." Handbook on ontologies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. 361-381.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
References: Oxford English Dictionary.
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: An operation that generates the following type of log entry metadata in a file or event repository. These identify: * the type of operation performed upon a data object, * the time when the operation was performed, * the name of the person who executed the operation, and * parameters used by the operation.
Examples: Related terms include a??? log entry file, event repository, audit trail
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: See also Internal property
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The template may specify the structures within the data object that contain descriptive metadata and associated context such as metadata values, schema name that organizes the metadata names, creation date for metadata, person who created the metadata.A second operation needs to associate the descriptive metadata with the data object. This can be in the form of metadata stored in a relational database, or as an Archival Information Package, or in an XML file. Related term include data type registry, Data type and Descriptive metadata
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Explanation: In the eScience ecosystem, the challenge of enabling optimal use of research data and methods is a complex one with multiple stakeholders involved.The minimal [FAIR Guiding Principles] are meant to guide implementers of FAIR data environments as a gauge of whether particular implementation choices result in making data FAIR.
References: https://www.force11.org/group/fairgroup/fairprinciples
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A Facility provides a capability via the provision of services to serve a specific function. Facilities can be physical or virtual
Examples: Data management facility, data repository, sensor.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner.
References: http://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/what-is-fair-use/ Association of Research Libraries, Center for Social Media-School of Communication at American University, and Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property-Washington College of Law at American University (ARL et al), 2012, Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Academic and Research Libraries. Available online: http://www.cmsimpact.org/sites/default/files/documents/codeUNDERSCORESIGNofUNDERSCORESIGNbestUNDERSCORESIGNpracticesUNDERSCORESIGNinUNDERSCORESIGNfairUNDERSCORESIGNuseUNDERSCORESIGNforUNDERSCORESIGNarlUNDERSCORESIGNfinal.pdf.
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Federated Architecture is often a pragmatic solution supporting a???loosely coupleda??? integration and interoperability at the expense of local optization.Federated data architectures support the cooperative use of multiple, disparate data sources within an ecosystem view of logically integrated resources.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FederatedUNDERSCORESIGNarchitecture
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: After Reagan Moore
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: After Gladney, Henry M. "Long-term preservation of digital records: Trustworthy digital objects." American Archivist 72.2 (2009): 401-435.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: In modern parlance some thing is findable in that ot is capable of being identified through the Internet and its services.
References: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618\#ref2
Scope: Metadata Standards Directory Working Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Elaboration1: A framework is a more a kind of meta-design that covers a high degree of flexibility of fit.Elaboration2: The ability to make refinements may require that the design is fully known which is not the case in DFIG at the very beginning which is why some like to use the term a??? frameworka???. Thus it seems that we would like to use the term "framework" as a much more fuzzy term to denote that we are not sure at this moment about many of the characteristics.
References: Systems Engineering
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Unlike a Vocabulary that only provides a list or grouping of words or terms that are common to a context, a Glossary usually provides the long name, short name or acronym, and a description/definition. It rarely gets into a things like synonyms and antonyms.A glossary may be specialized such as terms for Big Data.
Examples: An example of glossary is the FAO Fisheries Glossaryhttp://www.datascienceglossary.org/ has a data science glossary.
References: http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp S. Wright and G. Budin, editors. Handbook of terminology management, Basic aspects of terminology management. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See also Data Provider and API Consumer Layer.
References: https://rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/attachment/RDAUNDERSCORESIGNOutputsUNDERSCORESIGNMay2015UNDERSCORESIGNweb.pdf
Scope: Data Description Registry Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: For many a digital identifier is associated with a registry for the identifier and a repository for data that is identified
Examples: The DOI system is used to identify electronic documents such as journal articles.
References: ISO 1117
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: The process of assigning a unique identifier to authors of journal articles and other published work so that each author may be uniquely identified illustrates the definition.
Examples: Author, user or resource identity.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Immutability is shown by means of an immutable flag which has a type of PID
Examples: String, Integer or any other wrapper classes are immutable.
References: PID Info Type WG
Scope: PID Information Types WG
Status: New
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: The index may be stored in a triple-store as RDF, or may be stored in a relational database. Related terms a??? index- a type of metadata Descriptive metadata Event tracking
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Information is passed to a recipient by means of an information object, aka a message, used by a sender to represent one or more concepts within a communication process, intended to increase knowledge in recipients.
References: Davis \& Olson, Management Information Systems, 1985
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Information is created by or associated with a state of affairs among a set of possibilities of a situation. This information is carried by a signal. This follows Dretske paradigm shift from engineering aspect to a semantic aspect of information. There is a relationship between information and knowledge. There is prior knowledge about a specific information source and additional knowledge is added by the content of information which may be conveyed by data representing that information. One then says thata???data bears informationa???.
Examples: That there is smoke carries the information that there is a i???re.That a thermometer reads 101 in a body of water tells us something about the heat characteristics of that body. We thus acquire new knowledge. Examples of information content types a??? Novels a??? Legal documents a??? Charts a??? Symbol a??? Traffic directions a??? Recipes a??? Computer programs a??? XML files a??? File formats a??? Ontologies a??? Class descriptions a??? Sentences a??? URIs a??? Simulation models
References: Dretske, F. I. Knowledge and the Flow of Information, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1981. Xu, H. and Feng, J., a???Towards a Definition of the a???Information Bearing Capabilitya??? of a Conceptual Data Schemaa???, In Systems Theory and Practice in the Knowledge Age, (E. Ragsdell et al.), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York. ISBN 0-306-47247-3, 20021 Xu, Kaibo, Junkang Feng, and Malcolm Crowe. "Defining the notion of a???Information Contenta???and reasoning about it in a database." Knowledge and Information Systems 18.1 (2009): 29-59. Information Artifact Ontology
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Also called a "tagged digital object" which is a "A digital object paired with its companion description object."
Examples: OAIS example, a digital image in TIFF format can only be rendered as an image using software which has been designed to interpret the bitstream in accordance with the TIFF format specification. In other words, the logical Information Object (the image) can only be derived from the physical Data Object (the bitstream) via a process of interpretation. OAIS uses the term Representation Information to describe the knowledge base required for this interpretation.
References: OAIS documentation: Holdsworth, David, and Derek M. Sergeant. "A Blueprint for Representation Information in the OAIS model." IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems. 2000. "What is an information object anyway?" http://www.netarch2009.net/slides/Netarch09UNDERSCORESIGNBorjeUNDERSCORESIGNOhlman.pdf See also https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/doc/glossary/PDS4UNDERSCORESIGNGlossaryUNDERSCORESIGNv111028.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: These mediating perspectives include: cognitive, social, and technological aspects and conditions, which facilitate the dissemination of human knowledge from the originator to the user. Computer Scientists tend to view information through a technological perspective.
References: Zins, C. (2006). Redefining information science: From a???information sciencea??? to a???knowledge sciencea???. Journal of Documentation, 62(4), 447a???461.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: This was a first attempt by DF but hasn't been followed up yet. A data infrastructure is a digital infrastructure promoting data sharing and consumption. Similarly to other infrastructures, it is a structure needed for the operation of a society as well as the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function, the data economy in this case.
Examples: Data infrastructure is one important type of infrastructure.
References: DF meeting noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNinfrastructure
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: New
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: This view of Digital Object is one in which there are things external to the object such as it name and ID that are identifying and may provide information about it creation in context. In contrast to this are importance of types of metadata that describe the elements of the DO independent of its creation contexts.
Examples: Internal properties may inlude data uncertainty, data accuracy, \& precision that are also discipline-dependent
References: After DFT core term definitions.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: At the system level Interoperability is the ability of a system to accept and send services and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate useful. We sometimes speak of a data quality of interoperability, which means that the data an function with other data as part of some system operations such as analysis or querying. To be interoperable FAIR principles propose that (meta)data use a formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable language for knowledge representation. And (meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles And that (meta)data include qualified references to other (meta)data.
Examples: http://www.himss.org/library/interoperability-standards/what-is?navItemNumber=17333 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: A Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries, New York, NY: 1990. National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS) Report on Uniform Data Standards for Patient Medical Record Information, July 6, 2000, pp. 21-22.
References: ISO TC204, document N271 The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A distinction is proposed that minimal metadata does not include information that help discovery but a key type does include this.
References: Proposed by Reagan Moore
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: A keyword may act to provide access to information. In this role it may be used as part of an information retrieval system to suggest the likely content of a document.
References: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/keyword
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A landing page is usually a stable URL. Landing pages can have query based links to other things (papers which cite this one) etc ...To be useful information on a landing page is indexed and searchable. In the RDA context a PID resolves to a human readable landing page. This may be page that contains the essential metadata state information about a Digital Object. For a data set a landing page provides metadata including a link to the superset (PID of the data source) and citation text snippet. Things like an ID/DOI can be found on the database landing page for a published article. See also Machine Actionable
Examples: dx.doi.org redirects to a landing page URL.
References: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspxhttps://rd-alliance.org/system/files/documents/RDA-DC-RecommendationsUNDERSCORESIGN150609.pdf http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618\#bx2
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Elaboration1: Some see a???landscapea??? and a???frameworka??? obviously as very similar terms.Elaboration2: A landscape may contain multiple frameworks at different stages of development and sophistication.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Legacy data may be associated with a legacy computer system and/or application program which continues to be used because of the cost of replacing or redesigning it. Often older systems and legacy data are large and monolithic enough to make then difficult to modify and use. Legacy software to exploit the data may runs on antiquated hardware with high maintenance costs.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
References: Draft report of RDA-CODATA Interest Group on the Legal Interoperability of Research Data
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Rights can be modified, repealed, and restrained by laws. See also Right Holder
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: Lexicon is a collective concept.
References: Cognitive Atlas Concept - CAOUNDERSCORESIGN00381
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Scope: RDA Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: This related collection of interrelated datasets is store on the Web \& available via a common format -RDF.
Examples: A typical case of a large Linked Dataset is DBPedia (http://dbpedia.org/), which, essentially, makes the content of Wikipedia available in RDF.
References: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data\#summary
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Data policies may be made machine/computer actionable.
Examples: One may make a landing page machine-actionable allowing to retrieve the data set by re-executing a timestamped query that is provided.
References: https://rd-alliance.org/system/files/documents/RDA-DC-RecommendationsUNDERSCORESIGN150609.pdf
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Manage data sets in a repository means defining the policies that govern the arrangement, naming, descriptive metadata, provenance metadata, representation metadata, administrative metadata, access controls, retention, disposition, integrity, and replication of digital objects. The desired properties may include required data format, or automated full text indexing, or generation of derived data products, or distribution across multiple storage locations.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Explanation: Manage metadata catalog involves defining the policies that govern the choice of metadata schema, reserved vocabularies, metadata organization in tables, and metadata properties (creation date, access control, ownership). An implication is that the metadata will be consistently updated after each action applied to the repository.
Examples: A management example is the automated updating of the storage location for a digital object after it is moved to a new storage location.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
References: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/mashups
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: See also Data Format.
Examples: This can be chips, films, compact optical disks, cards, magnetic disks, magnetic drums, and paper but also copper wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, or electromagnetic wave as in microwave.A tape with a magnetizable surface layer on which data can be stored by magnetic recording.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Metadata provides contextual information on for data collections to retest, reuse and repurpose data.Data/Resource discovery allows resources to be found by relevant criteria; Identifying resources; Bringing similar resources together; Distinguishing dissimilar resources; Giving location information.
Examples: Examples include data about related datasets (including provenance metadata), software, publications, organisations, persons (such as organizer of the dataa???)Typically descriptive metadata includes such things as source \& time of creation. For data and report publication it may include administrative metadata such as authors \& date of submission. A PID is an example of metadata used to reference data. An example is retention period metadata which defines the date when retention of the data object should be evaluated.
References: RDA MD and PP WG discussions
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: MD can be used for Discovery, Access, Selection, Licensing, authorization, Quality, suitability and Provenance, reproducibility.It may contain as key the persistent identifier of that associated object. The association between a data object and metadata is that the content of the metadata describes the data object. Metadata may serve different purposes, such as helping people to find data of relevance - discovery or to bring data together a??? federation.
Examples: Data properties, both internal and external, are types of metadata as is transactional information about data.
References: Michener, William K. "Meta-information concepts for ecological data management." Ecological informatics 1.1 (2006): 3-7.More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007PERCENTSIGN5B0330PERCENTSIGN3ANMFTESPERCENTSIGN5D2.0.CO;2
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Representation Information about a piece of data is added to understand it.For example, a format for data is added.
Examples: Examples include Preservation Description Information(PDI) and Packaging Information?Format info is descriptive Structural metadata or Representation Information This info should be adequate for things like rendering a digital media object but without additional information it is not adequate for understanding.
References: "Understanding a Digital Object-Basic Representation Information"Ch. 7 Advanced Digital Preservation by David Giaretta http://www.scribd.com/doc/102252110/Chapter-7-Understanding-a-Digital-Object-Basic-Representation-Information
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Scope: PID Information Types WG
Status: New
Examples: how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how the data is formatted.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Metadata is data about data (or a service). It is the result of documenting data.MD catalogues include mechanism for storing and accessing descriptive metadata and allows users to query, for data items based on desired attribute, the catalogue service that stores descriptive information (metadata) about logical data items. When a catalog has metadata in human-readable form, it has primarily been used as information to enable the manager or user to understand, compare and interchange the content of the described data set. See also Data Registry, Data Repository. In the Web Services context, XML-encoded (machine-readable and human-readable) metadata stored in catalogues and registries enables services to use those catalogues and registries to find data and services. A Metadata dataset (after ISO 19101) is the set of metadata describing a specific dataset.
Examples: ISO 19115: describes all aspects of geospatial metadata and provides a comprehensive set of metadata elements.
References: http://www.marbef.org/wiki/MetadataUNDERSCORESIGNandUNDERSCORESIGNmetadataUNDERSCORESIGNcatalogues
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Metadata Elements are often represented an attribute-value pair (that us an element = a "string-value"), but values may have additional structure (where element = structured-value). This latter or more complex view is the concept used in the Metadata Elements approach of the RDA MIG.
References: Presentations by RDA MIG at P6 Metadata Principles and Practicalities, D-Lib Magazine April 2002, Volume 8 Number 4
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: It includes the population of properties (e.g. creation date, access control, ownership) within a metadata schema, its organization in tables and use of reserved vocabularies such as defined in metadata standards.
References: After Meta-data management - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-dataUNDERSCORESIGNmanagement and PP WG.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Detail to be added by the MIG briefings.
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Metadata registries support Metadata Registration (see also) but also it maintenance.Because a given metadata schema or application profile may evolve, MD registries are used to maintain relationships among a particular schema's various versions in order to promote semantic and machine interoperability over time.
References: Heery, Rachel and Manjula Patel, Application Profiles: Mixing and Matching Metadata Schemas, Ariadne, Issue 25 (September 2000) http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue25/app-profiles/intro.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: These standards may include a glossary of terms to facilitate the sharing of information about data and may be expressed in various formats including XML.
Examples: The DDI metadata specification is one example that supports the entire research data life cycle.
References: http://rd-alliance.github.io/metadata-directory/
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Tagged metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching.
Examples: Examples of tagged resources include Internet bookmark, digital image, database record, or computer file.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TagUNDERSCORESIGN(metadata)
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Minimal metadata is only marginally targeted at discovery since there is much better infrastructure to accomplish this.
References: After Peter Wittenberg, Tobias Weigel and Tim Dilauro.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: they are structured digital object that associate a statement composed of one or more triples with its evidence/provenance, and digital object metadata. Nanopublications have been proposed to make it easier to find, connect and curate core scientific statements and to determine their attribution, quality and provenance . Small RDF-based data snippets a??? i.e. nanopublications a??? rather than classical narrative articles should be at the center of general scholarly communication . In contrast to narrative articles, nanopublications support data sharing and mining, allow for fine-grained citation metrics on the level of individual claims, and give incentives for crowdsourced community efforts. (from "Broadening the Scope of Nanopublications?" by Kuhn et al (20130 See http://www.tkuhn.ch/pub/kuhn2013eswc.pdf
Examples: @prefix swan: \< http://swan.mindinformatics.org/ontologies/1.2/pav.owl\> .@prefix cw: \< http://conceptwiki.org/index.php/Concept\>. @prefix swp: \<http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/swp-1/\>. @prefix : \<http://www.example.org/thisDocument\#\> . :G1 = { cw:malaria cw:isTransmittedBy cw:mosquitoes } :G2 = { :G1 swan:importedBy cw:TextExtractor, :G1 swan:createdOn "2009-09-03"^^xsd:date, :G1 swan:authoredBy cw:BobSmith } :G3 = { :G2 ann:assertedBy cw:SomeOrganization }
References: P. Groth, A. Gibson, and J. Velterop. The anatomy of a nano-publication. InformationServices and Use, 30(1):51a???56, 2010 http://nanopub.org/guidelines/workingUNDERSCORESIGNdraft/ A Nanopublication Framework for Biological Networks using Cytoscape.js ttp://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1327/icbo2014UNDERSCORESIGNpaperUNDERSCORESIGN57.pdf
Status: New
References: http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-static-repository.htm
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
References: (ISO 1087)
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
References: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-DOM/glossary.html
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: In some instances objective metadata can be machine/sensor generated such as the "properties" metadata generated when creating a file in a word processor or spreadsheet application.
Examples: Date-time of an observation may be considered objective if done by a calibrated machine or defined human process. It may be subjective if done retrospectively. Other objective metadata "properties" may be generated as part of an automated data management process employing defined practical policies.
References: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/weibel/04weibel.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: open access means unrestricted access to and use of scientific information and data.A? Open access exists to facilitate reuse and legal interoperability and is an important component of this process.
References: After "Funding models for Open Access Repositories"http://dri.ie/sites/default/files/files/funding-models-open-access-repositories.pdf Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), 2002, a???Read the Budapest Open Access Initiativea??? (web page), http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/. Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, (Bethesda Statement), 2003 (web page), http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4725199/suberUNDERSCORESIGNbethesda.htm?sequence=1.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data openness is subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute the source and implies a willingness to, in turn, share the use of this data with other. The idea \& value of transparency is sometimes used when discussing open data. Open data in pursuit of transparency should make it: * easier to access public data and * encourage data publishers to release data in standardised, open formats ingraining a a???presumption to publisha??? unless there are clear, specific reasons (such as privacy) not to do so. Open data is part of the Open Science effort. There may be issues of formats that data can appear in that helps to make them open. See also data transparency.
Examples: Data available from many government sites and funded efforts such the The Human Genome Project or Dataverse Networks.For example the Odum Institute Dataverse Network (http://arc.irss.unc.edu/dvn/ or UC San Diego Dataverse Network (http://dataverse.ucsd.edu/dvn/)
References: The full Open Definition gives precise details as to what this means. See http://opendefinition.org/od/index.html
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Data operations involve the following attributes:i??? EntityID: the identifier of the digital entity requesting invocation of the operation; i??? TargetEntityID: the identifier of the digital entity to be operated upon; i??? OperationID: the identifier that specifies the operation to be performed; i??? Input: a sequence of bits containing the input to the operation, including any parameters, content or other information; and i??? Output: a sequence of bits containing the output of the operation, including any content or other information.
Examples: authentication and authorizing,modifying state information, registering, publishing logging of information, storage duplication.
References: Provided by RDA Practical Policy WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Originators are responsible for providing data and information to providers.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: APARSEN D22.3 offers: - PI for digital objects - PI for physical objects - PI for bodies - PI for actors
References: APARSEN WP22 Deliverable 22.3
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
References: A PID record has a lifecycle including creation, publication, Curation and the destruction.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Important parts of a PID record are location and checksum. However there is a large variation in usage. In some data models the PID is just used as a unique label with an empty record .
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: This is an operation that links the identifier to the digital object.
References: Weigel et al., 2013. a???A Framework for Extended Persistent Identification of Scientific Assetsa???. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.12-036
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: In functional effect, the identifier is a proxy for the resolving operation/service.
References: Documentation Note by Tobias on PIDDiscussion on collections contributed by Reagan Moore.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Sometimes called digital identifier systems.Uniform Resource Name (URN) includes a namespace registration process, for example.
Examples: The major PI systems are, in chronological order: Handle, 1994 (also DOI which is an implementation of the Handle idea Persistent URL (PURL), 1995 Uniform Resource Name (URN), 1997 Archival Resource Keys (ARK), 2001 Extensible Resource Identifier (XRI), 2005...
References: Hakala, J. Persistent identifiers - an overview. Accessed June 11, 2012.
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Different types of objects, digital and non-digital, need different types of metadata records to describe them and give them context. ID information as one type of metadata also varies by data type and need to conform to what the data type requires. PIDs and the records pointed to also need to handle activities on data operations such as replication to allow such things as provenance information available.
Examples: A publication date is a date type while and author is of string type and simple identifiers can be use. A new, composite material r a citation data type may need more complex metadata reflecting more properties and a different type of ID may be needed.
References: PIT final report https://rd-alliance.org/pit-final-report-draft-20140920.html
Scope: PID Information Types WG
Status: New
Explanation: The World Intellectual Property Organization defines patent as a???an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product of a process that provides a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problema???. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of a patent. The protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years.a??? Patents are granted by a national (or regional) authority as the right to monopolize the commercialization of an invention, but they do not prohibit the exchange or distribution of knowledge on which the invention is based. Patents therefore should not hamper the access to research data, although they may impede certain commercial reuses of these data for a given time period.
References: http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/patents/450/wipoUNDERSCORESIGNpubUNDERSCORESIGNl450pa.pdf
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Payload metadata's content relates to the meaning or application of data/Digital Objects. Depending on policy updates to PayloadMetadata can triggers Provenance Metadata generation and change in the version number of published Data such as versioned documents.
References: After DDI Technical documentation
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: An identifier should have an unlimited lifetime, even if the existence of identified entity ceases. This aspect of an identifier is called a???persistencya???.
References: Paskin, N. (1999). Toward unique identifiers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 87 (7) 1208-1227.Khedmatgozar, Hamid Reza, and Mehdi Alipour-Hafezi. "A Basic Comparative Framework for Evaluation of Digital Identifier Systems." Journal of Digital Information Management 13.3 (2015): 191.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: The range of spatial information of a dataset, which could include a spatial region like a bounding box or a named place. References systems are needed to understand numerical values used such as latitude and longitude.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A policy makes assertions that can be enforced about a system such as a data collection, or a workflow, or a dataflow.The policy details (and may control or guide) when and where assertions are enforced.
Examples: Automated replication. On ingest of a file into a collection, a replica will be created at a separate location. Periodic integrity validation. Checksums for files will be periodically validated to verify integrity, with replacement of corrupted files from a valid replica. Derived product creation. Based on status flags associated with a digital entity, a procedure is invoked to create a derived data product, which is then stored in the collection.
References: Rajasekar, R., M. Wan, R. Moore, W. Schroeder, S.-Y. Chen, L. Gilbert, C.-Y. Hou, C. Lee, R. Marciano, P. Tooby, A. de Torcy, B. Zhu, a???iRODS Primer: Integrated Rule-Oriented Data Systema???, Morgan \& Claypool, 2010.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: In discussion
Explanation: State information is needed to evaluate the constraint
Examples: A constraint may limit action to one particular file or collection or one user, specify which metadata is to be registered etc.
References: Practical Policy briefing at RDA P6
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: Replication procedure has several processing steps: Selection of storage location, selection of physical file name, storage of a copy of a file, verification of integrity of the replica. Computer algorithms may be used as a procedure or a one or more steps as part of a procedure. Distribution procedure has the processing steps: Identification of type of data, selection of appropriate storage location, movement of the digital entity, verification of integrity Retention procedure has the processing steps: Retrieval of the retention period, test whether the retention period has elapsed, invocation of a disposition policy
References: Rajasekar, R., M. Wan, R. Moore, W. Schroeder, S.-Y. Chen, L. Gilbert, C.-Y. Hou, C. Lee, R. Marciano, P. Tooby, A. de Torcy, B. Zhu, a???iRODS Primer: Integrated Rule-Oriented Data Systema???, Morgan \& Claypool, 2010.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See Property Features
References: PID Information Type work
Scope: PID Information Types WG
Status: New
Explanation: See data quality.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
References: Peter Wittenburg
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: the sky is blue (entity--sky, abstraction-blue, aspect--has color); the mass of the sample is 200 g (entity-sample, abstraction -- 200g, aspect-mass)
References: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proposition, meaning 2a; Sowa, 2000, p. 501; usage of abstract and entity per Sowa.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Elaboration1: Protocols are crucial parts of interface specifications. They do not only specify message content, but also procedural aspects.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Provenance captures the meaningful history of an object, where it originated and how it developed from in its early/raw existence.As part of Archiving, archivists often have to look back to pre-existing processes to trace provenance.
Examples: Examples of Provenance Information are the principal investigator who recorded the data, and the information concerning its storage, handling, and migration.
References: Partially based on the NCI Thesaurus.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Provenance information is gather along the data lifecycle as part of curation processes.Some make the distinction between a coarse-level or workflow view of provenance for data within the overall lifecycle as defined above and a finer level that just is concerned with data flowing between various stores such as curated DBs and managed repositories.
Examples:
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: This metadata is designed allow queries over the relationship between versions, and includeseither or both fine-grained and coarse-grained provenance data. Different applications may store different provenance data
Examples: Examples include:(i) the name of the program that generated the new version, (ii) the commit id of the program in a code version control system like GitHub, (iii) the identifiers of any other datasets or data objects that may have been used in creating the new version.
References: After DataHub: Collaborative Data Science \& Dataset Version Management at Scalehttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.0798v1.pdf
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Once data is collected it can be exposed in a way that is then (re)usable by others. Data publication is a process which involves the exposure of this data. Publication could include aspects of a???a???traditionala???a??? publication channels but need not be limited to this. To be effective published (research) data has documentation requirements beyond a pointer or link. To be useful some documentation of provenance, quality, credit, attribution and methods are desired to provide the reproducibility that enables validation of results in a publication. Prior research is identified in Publication with a citable reference. Report summaries cite the data reference and the original publication.
References: Bechhofer, Sean, et al. "Why linked data is not enough for scientists." Future Generation Computer Systems 29.2 (2013): 599-611.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Object qualities can be given measured values within particular dimensions such as an acidity dimension or an electromagnetic frequency dimension. As physical things they can have specific spatial-temporal coordinates.
Examples: An example is the way the surface of a specific Physical Object like a rock or planet looks, or the specific weight of that object.
References: https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/wiki/DULUNDERSCORESIGNssn
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Queries are assigned a new ID if either the query is newly created or if the result set returned froman earlier identical query is different due to changes in the data. Persistent IDs (PIDs) are preferred.
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: Queries can be treated and stored like digital objects.
References: https://rd-alliance.org/system/files/documents/RDA-DC-RecommendationsUNDERSCORESIGN150609.pdf
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: This allows retrieving the data as it existed at query time. See Provenance Metadata.
References: https://rd-alliance.org/system/files/documents/RDA-DC-RecommendationsUNDERSCORESIGN150609.pdf
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: New
Explanation: See Data Lifecycle for context for raw data.Also called primary, source or atomic data. Although raw data has the potential to become "information," it requires selective processing such as registration, extraction, organization, documentation etc.
Examples: An data as encoded at a source including human generated raw data.
References: http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/raw-data
Examples: For example, stock quotes, manufacturing statistics, Web server loads, data warehouse activity and sensor feeds to data collectors. Real-time data is often used for navigation or tracking.
References: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/aa140060(v=office.10).aspx\#odcUNDERSCORESIGNxlrtdfaqUNDERSCORESIGNwhatisrtd Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. A to Z GIS in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-timeUNDERSCORESIGNdata
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Real-Time Data are data streams that are typically generated by sensors and received via direct networking connections. Real-Time Data can also be generated by many users that interact with a database system and expect immediate actions. One of the characteristics or real-time data can be that it is not well-defined how to define identifiable units that can be referred to.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A data record represents information created, received and maintained as evidence along with metadata information providedin pursuance of legal obligations or standard research operations.
Examples: A property record or a transaction record are examples of data record types. A document, a signature, a seal, text, images, sound, speech, or data compiled, recorded, or stored, as the case may be.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Record provenance information for a data object, Such provenance information includes:* the person who deposited the data object in the repository, * the source of the data object, * the date when the object was deposited, and * authenticity information needed to link the data object to its original source.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Explanation: Together the record management process is intended to ensure that reliable evidence of actions and decisions is kept and remains available for reference and use when needed. As part of research the community benefits from effective management of its key data assets stored as records.See also Record. This term is related to Archiving and the related idea of Archive Management.
References: After the ISO INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION a??? RECORDS MANAGEMENThttp://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attachedUNDERSCORESIGNfiles/PdfPERCENTSIGN20files/30PERCENTSIGN20ISO.15489-1PERCENTSIGN20-PERCENTSIGN20IRISHPERCENTSIGN20VERSION.pdf
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Digital data may be accesses by the identifier. Some data objects references may access a service on the object (OAI-OR
References: DFT WG file repository: 10 Category DFT working defintions.docx
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
References: Weigel et al., 2013. a???A Framework for Extended Persistent Identification of Scientific Assetsa???. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.12-036
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: Examples include code values consisting of sets of values, statuses; controlled vocabulares, taxonomises or classification schema.Other examples of reference data are: Units of measure Country codes Researcher codes Fixed conversion rates (e.g., weight, temperature, and length) Geonames
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReferenceUNDERSCORESIGNdata
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: New
Explanation: Elaboration1: a generic model of a DF certainly should have the potential to be viewed as a reference model to which all concrete instantiations and specializations belong as derivatives.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A register manager may engage a third-part service provider to perform this service.A registry manager ensures the integrity of any register held in the registry, and provides means for electronic access to the registry for register managers, control bodies, and register users. There is a similar role of Repository Manager.
Examples: The US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) serves a registry manager for the Defence Geospatial Information Working Group (DGIWG), providing electronic access to the registers controlled by the DGIWG
References: ISO 19135 spechttps://www.dgiwg.org/Terminology/faq-other.php\#faq19135-10
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: A metadata registry may be used as part of the registration process to help provide:"consistent definitions of data across time, between databases, between organizations or between processes." The following minimal metadata is suggested by Practical Policy as part of the registration of metadata: AttributeUNDERSCORESIGNname AttributeUNDERSCORESIGNvalue AttributeUNDERSCORESIGNunit or comment Digital object to which the metadata is applied Digital collection that holds the digital object MetadataUNDERSCORESIGNcreationUNDERSCORESIGNtime MetadataUNDERSCORESIGNmodificationUNDERSCORESIGNtime
References: Practical Policy work and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetadataUNDERSCORESIGNregistry
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Much digital data is legacy data and may not have been registered in a repository or in some way identified to help search and retrieval.
Examples: Data in repositories and managed portals such as https://www.nasa.gov/open/researchaccess/nasa-data-portal
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Registration should be accompanied by the step to upload it to a persistent repository.
Explanation: These registries do not contain information about all metadata descriptions of DOs nor do they offer a list of PIDs of all DOs stored, however, they offer information based on standardized types how to retrieve such information such as the port under which OAI-PMH can be accessed to offer metadata.The above description is not a real definition yet, however it is in overlap with the basic ISO 19135 definition which is at a more abstract level.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: ISO 19135: registerset of files containing identifiers assigned to items with descriptions of the associated items ISO 19135: registration assignment of a permanent, unique and unambiguous identifier to an item
Explanation: Related data may be part of the same collection or by the same collector or something useful for data research and identified to support access.
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: AKA, data replication or duplication.Replication is guided by a replication policy. The act of replication generates a replica, a copy of a digital object with the same logical name. The replica may have different administrative information such as replica number, replica location, creation date. All replicas of a digital object are associated with the same PID. Thus any of the replicas may be returned as a valid digital object for the requested PID. Digital objects that are copied into multiple data management systems can be considered replicas if a mechanism is available to update all copies when changes are made to a digital object. The concept of replication implies automated consistency guarantees across all replicas. A PID should allow copies of a digital object from different communities to be identified as such. If there is no guarantee of consistency on changes to the digital object, the copies should be given separate PIDs. Related term replica number, PID, repository
References: RDA PP WG, Peter's replication scernario.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: A data repository returns data sets with appropriate features and/or the bit stream/dynamic data object instantiating a data/digital object if a persistent identifier is being issued. A repository should have a globally unique identifier that refers to it and an URL allowing access to the repository. Repositories store data and can also stored its associated metadata. Some repositories may be specialized to store metadata. New Collections (aggregations) are, or can be, built from repository data for analysis purposes. New PIDs are required for such collections.
Examples: There are many types of data repositories institutional and domain repositories. One example is the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), an open data repository which provides access to microarray, next-generation sequencing, and other forms of functional genomic data submitted by the scientific community or the Global Change Master Directory, maintained by the Earth Sciences Directorate at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), provides access to more than 25,000 earth and environmental science data sets, relevant to global change and Earth science research.
References: Vocabulary for the Registration and Description of Research Data Repositorieshttp://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:76875/component/escidoc:76874/re3dataUNDERSCORESIGNvocabularyUNDERSCORESIGNv2-0.pdf https://library.uoregon.edu/datamanagement/repositories.html\#three
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: re3data is an example
References: https://rd-alliance.org/group/data-fabric-ig/wiki/data-fabric-ig-repository-registries.html
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: A representation object provide some context for a data object. It contains provenance, description (e.g. format, encoding scheme, algorithm-Brown, 2008), structural, and administrative information about the object. This is a form of metadata and is sometimes managed as part of Administrative Metadata efforts.
Examples: An example is the ASCII definition that describes how a sequence of bits (i.e., a Data Object) is mapped into a symbol.a??? -
References: See: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/news/representation-information-what-it-and-why-it-important\#sthash.5jiiqzXF.dpuf DFT WG file repository: 10 Category DFT working defintions.docx: Brown, A. (2008). White paper: Representation information registries. Retrieved June19, 2009, from http://www.planets-project.eu/docs/reports/PlanetsUNDERSCORESIGNPC3-D7UNDERSCORESIGNRepInformationRegistries.pdf
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: "Research data is defined as recorded factual material commonly retained by and accepted in the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings; although the majority of such data is created in digital format, all research data is included irrespective of the format in which it is created."
Examples: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)Scientific data is an important sub-type of research data.
References: See http://www2.le.ac.uk/services/research-data/rdm/what-is-rdm/research-data
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Research Objects are semantically rich aggregations of resources that providethe a???units of knowledgea???An RO bundles together essential information relating to experiments and investigations. This includes not only the data used, and methods employed to produce and analyse that data, but also the people involved in the investigation. An RO may be thought of as an archive for the variety of digital objects, that are produced during the course of a scientific investigation. Such objects would likely contain (or link to) not only data, software, and documents, but their provenance metadata as well.
Examples: A package of is a basic aggregation of resources that can be annotated or shared.Such a package may be asseembled to support more complex forms of reuse - for example, to rerun an investigation with new data, or validate that the results being presented are indeed the results expected.
References: Bechhofer, S., De Roure, D., Gamble, M., Goble, C., \& Buchan, I. (2010). Research objects: Towards exchange and reuse of digital knowledge.Bechhofer, Sean, et al. "Why linked data is not enough for scientists." Future Generation Computer Systems 29.2 (2013): 599-611.
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: In discussion
References: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/how-discover-requirements
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: Analysis is an example of a research operation.
References: RDA PP WG
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Explanation: This definition is consistent with its use in the general Web community as a???anythingthat has an identitya???
Examples: Just about anything can be a resource: it can be an abstract idea, such as sustainability or a coding system. Alternatively it can be fairly concrete, like physical object, an organisation, a contact person or a data collection.Typical examples: a data collection, an archive or repository, an on-line database, an organization of people (university, lab, agency, institute, or research project), a web site, an on-line analysis tool.
References: Berners-Lee 1998, IETF RFC2396
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: In discussion
Explanation: RDF is a family of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) specifications, including RDF schema originally designed as a hybrid metadata \& data model.
Examples: An RDF triple encodes a statement subject-predicate-object relation in a web processable form:ex:patient319 v:fullName "Mary Higgs"
References: https://www.w3.org/RDF/
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
References: Klein et al (2013) A Technical Framework for Resource Synchronization
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: Klein et al, 2013 A Technical Framework for Resource Synchronization
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
References: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618\#bx2
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardshiphttp://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618\#bx2
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: A right holder may license a portion or all of owned protected work through international legal and licensing provisions.
Scope: Legal Interoperability
Status: New
Explanation: Relational DB schemas use tables, rows and columns as organizing concepts or their logical equivalents of entity relations (ER).XML Schemas are another type written, not in ER form but in a language suitable for expressing constraints about XML documents.
Examples: Many examples of XML schemas exist. OGC's schemas are typical. XML encoding requirements of OGC GWML2.0, as specifiedin the requirements class is one example See: http://schemas.opengis.net/gwml/2.2/gwml2-aquifertest.sch and http://schemas.opengis.net/gwml/2.2/gwml2-aquifertest.xsd
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DatabaseUNDERSCORESIGNschema
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Semantic Interoperability is a stronger type of data exchange than typical Interoperability because it includes some knowledge of the meaning of the data content, system structure and operation, usage constraints, and the underlying assumptions.From a systems perspective, semantic interoperability can be 'defined as the enablement of software systems to interoperate at a level in which the exchange of information is at the enterprise level. This means each system (or object of a system) can map from its own conceptual model to the conceptual model of other systems, thereby ensuring that the meaning of their information is transmitted, accepted, understood, and used across the enterprise.' Knowledge of systems and data can be based on interpretable rules as well as semantic representation of meaning in metadata.
Examples: Databases may contain a text definition of a road, as a???An open way maintained for vehicular usea??? (DIGEST, 2000). Most topographic databases know this general feature class a???Roada???, but at lower level, sub classes or categorization of roads, many differences occur. By defining the semantic meaning of different kind of roads in an ontology, a reasoner will be able to find relationships and equivalences between different categorizations of roads.Quoted from Aerts, Koen, Karel Maesen, and Anton Van Rompaey. "A practical example of semantic interoperability of large-scale topographic databases using semantic web technologies." Proceedings of the AGILE. Vol. 6. 2006.
References: F. Harvey, W. Kuhn, H. Pundt, Y. Bisher, C. Riedemann. Semantic Interoperability A Central Issue for Sharing Geographic Information. in The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 33 (1999), pp. 213-232. Goodchild, M.F., Egenhofer, M.J., Fegeas, R., and Kottman, C.A. (eds.) Interoperating Geographic Information Systems. New York, Kluwer, 1999. Obrst, L., G. Whittaker, A. Meng. 1999. Semantic Context for Object Exchange, AAAI Workshop on Context in AI Applications, Orlando, FL, July 19, 1999. Hitzler, P., Janowicz, K., Berg-Cross, G., Obrst, L., Sheth, A. P., Finin, T., \& Cruz, I. F. (2012). Semantic Aspects of EarthCube.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
References: Provided by Peter Wittenburg - "This definition comes from those of us who want to identify executable code to create reproducible science."
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: Data communication such as message protocols.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: State Information can be made persistent to provide relevant and current actionable information about a DO such such as its current location(s), public key(s) and other validation information. Note, data location may change so the value of the data state changes but the attribute of data location, not its value, persists in this case.
Examples: Current location(s), checksum, data replication number, public key(s) and other validation information are examples of state information attributes.
References: Kahn et al.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: In discussion
Explanation: When the sticky bit flag is set, files added to the directory will inherit the access permissions associated with the directory.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Also refers to the underlying structural metadata of digital objects that tells computers how to assemble them.
Examples: An example is how pages are ordered to form chapters or how data is organized in a table, datasets in a collection or the components \& structural organization of a research data object such as chapters in a book,sentences in a chapter, etc,that allows us to figure out how an objects should be put together.
References: NISO. (2004) Understanding Metadata.Bethesda, MD: NISO Press, p.1 http://marciazeng.slis.kent.edu/metadatabasics/types.htm
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Examples: Relational databases, spreadsheets and RDF triples are examples of structured data.
References: After http://w3c.github.io/dwbp/bp.html\#bib-Lexvo
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Some metadata may specifically intended to represent a subjective evaluation of content, such as what to name a picture.
Examples: An example is assignment of keywords or some textual summarization of content as in a picture or a data set description.
References: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april02/weibel/04weibel.html
Scope: RDA Metadata WG
Status: New
Explanation: Support services may be provided at each phase of the data lifecycle to help manage digital objects used as part of research. A support service may entail the application of multiple operations that are chained together in a procedure or workflow. Operations performed upon the digital object modify administrative state information maintained about the digital object.
Examples: Integrity management through replication, checksum generation, application of access controlsChain of custody management through generation of audit trails that track all operations applied to the digital object. Ingestion management through verification of representation information, generation of an Archival Information Package, and storage Data Discovery through generation of a query to a metadata catalog and the paging of query results Data Access through identification of an uncorrupted replica, and transport of the digital object
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataUNDERSCORESIGNcenterUNDERSCORESIGNservices\#SupportUNDERSCORESIGNservices
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Elaboration1: This is the aspect that the scientific researcher will interact with and must be well defined and directly relevant to the research needs, just as with any other scientific instrument. Elaboration2: In DFIG it is important to note that the "systems" will undergo continuous extensions and that its elements (components, services) will be subject of innovation. Also in the case of DFIG we cannot expect to have a fully-understood landscape (see that definition) as it is normally expected in software engineering for example to build a "system" to work. The wholenss of a system is defined by its function in a larger system of which it's a part.
Examples: A computer infrastructure, a data repository,
References: Systems Engineering, see Ackoffa???s definition at:http://environment-ecology.com/general-systems-theory/380-systems-thinking-with-dr-russell-ackoff.html
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: Creation time: A data management system records when a digital entity was created. Owner: A data management system records the owner of a digital entity. Storage location: A data management system records where a digital entity is stored. Data retention period: A data management system may record the length of time a digital entity will be retained.
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Taxonomies serve as "knowledge organization systems" developed to support communication and often to control the use of terms used in the data realm to facilitate the storing and retrieving of data items from a data repository.Taxonomies can take on multiple forms, such as lists, hierarchies, interactive facets, etc.
References: http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-.../What-is-a-Taxonomy-81159.aspx
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: TeD-T comes from Te(rm) D(efinition) Tool.
References: Offered by Gary Berg-Cross of DFT in brainstorming session.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: When data is migrated the queries and metatdata such as associated checksums are also.
Examples: Examples include migration to a new database system, a new schema or a completely different technology),
References: https://rd-alliance.org/system/files/documents/RDA-DC-RecommendationsUNDERSCORESIGN150609.pdf
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Temporal coordinates are understood within a space-time continuum of four-dimensions which has three spatial coordinates and one temporal coordinate. It is within these 4 coordinates that all physical quantities may be located."Time is that physical quantity perceived as the continued progress of existence measured by an observer as events which are relatively ordered as a???beforea??? or a???aftera??? and which, at a given point in time, give rise to the notions of past, present and future. Time and location are often used together by an application to describe when a given condition exists or when an object was present at a given location."
Examples: A start and end date applicable to data is one example and release date of data is another.
References: www.dictionary.com/browse/space-timehttp://standards.sedris.org/18026/text/ISOIECUNDERSCORESIGN18026EUNDERSCORESIGNTEMPORALUNDERSCORESIGNCS.HTM
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Words usually serve a labeling role.
References: http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/ontolog-forum/2014-02/msg00173.html
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Examples: additions to data and deletions of data are marked with a timestamp.
References: Data Citation WG recommendation
Scope: Data Citation WG
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: In this context, a transaction is a sequence of information exchange and related work (e.g.as digital object or database updating) that is considered as a unit for the purposes of satisfying a requested activity such as updates.
References: After http://whatis.techtarget.com/
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Transparency may also be a property of something which has undergone a process of to make it available.
Examples: Government information is often published online in electronic formats that make it easy to search, sort and download.
Scope: RDA Data Publishing Workflow Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: It is well understood that such an assessment has the potential of increasing trust from its depositors and users, but it will not be the only criterion for users. Repositories can be at different stages of assessments, however, it is evident that certain quality criteria need to be met to distinguish trusted repositories from all types of other entities that store data such as notebooks or lab servers.The term repository is well defined by DFT as: a digital repository is an infrastructure component that is able to store, manage and curate digital objects and return their bitstreams when a request is being issued.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: See also "authentication"
Scope: RDA DFT Interest Group
Status: New
Scope: PID Information Types WG
Status: New
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniformUNDERSCORESIGNresourceUNDERSCORESIGNidentifierbetter: IETF RFC 2396
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Examples: filesystem partitions
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: In the context of a collection of digital objects, a unique identifier (UID) is any identifier which is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those DOs and for a specific purpose. There are various types of unique identifiers, some corresponding to a different generation strategy or use strategy
Examples: 1. serial numbers, assigned incrementally or sequentially2. random numbers, selected from a number space much larger than the maximum (or expected) number of objects to be identified. 3. names or codes allocated by choice which are forced to be unique for the purposes of a central registry
References: http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/unique-identifier-UID
Scope: Metadata Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: Also called login name, logon name, sign-in name, sign-on name. For access purposes a unique name as an ID is assumed or required."each file has a unique name, that each collection has a unique name, that each access role has a unique name, and that each access permission has a unique name. "
Examples: "In many data management systems, multiple naming conventions may be used. For example, a user may be identified by:a??? UserUNDERSCORESIGNID, a unique number assigned to the user a??? UserUNDERSCORESIGNname, an ascii string assigned to the user"
References: RDA Practical Policy "Outcomes Policy Templates:Practical Policy Working Group, September 2014 https://www.rd-alliance.org/filedepot?cid=104\&fid=556
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
Explanation: Related term a??? data representation, Provenance \& administrative metadata,checksum
Examples: Examples include a checksum, a hash, a digital signature,
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Note that a version is different from a backup copy, which is typically a copy made at a specific point in time, or a replica, which is a copy of a data object that can be periodically updated. Related term a??? version, replication
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: Virtualization may be model based, that is a model of actual data management services is built and used to represent a family of things that may be implemented in various ways faithful to the abstract model.By means of a virtual model a collection, workflow, or data flow can be managed independently of the choice of technology for implementation.
Examples: Examples include virtual computer hardware platforms, operating systems, storage devices, computer network resources and data management processes.
References: After https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization and Data Foundation position paper discussed at RDA P6.
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New
Explanation: To be useful vocabularies usually are annotated by explanatory definitions as to meaning and purpose and links to related terms.For convenience vocabularies are usually arranged alphabetically within a lexicon or glossary where definitions are provided although as part of comunication definitions may not have been explicitly provided.
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Explanation: the early notion of static addressable documents or files, to a more generic and abstract definition as above.Each resource must have a URI at which it is available. There are Resource Type such as the media type of a resource. This is useful to support an understanding of the nature of resource representations say as an audio file.
Examples: Familiar examples include an electronic document or data stored on the Web, an image, a service (e.g., "a weather report for DC"), as well as a collection of other resources.
References: A Short History of "Resource" in web architecture., by Tim Berners-Lee
Scope: RDA Term Collection Core
Status: New
Scope: DFT Term Definition Prototype
Status: In discussion
Explanation: Aka scientific workflows. The simplest computerized scientific workflows are scripts that can involve several ingredients such as data, programs, models and other inputs such as human or sensor observations. Workflows produce outputs such as analyses that can include visualizations and analytical results. Preserved workflows are important for reproducible science. They simplify complex sequences of activities and enable researchers to automate and track the provenance of the work in workflow execution. Workflow scripts are digital objects.
Scope: Practical Policy WG
Status: New
References: Reagan Moore presentation at RDA P6 DFT IG session
Scope: RDA Data Fabric Interest Group
Status: New